ArticleJournal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society2021
Polymeric and lipid nanoparticles for delivery of self-amplifying RNA vaccines.
Article in Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 126 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nanoparticles in influenza research: a bibliometric analysis of global trends (2005 - 2025).Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Safety and immunogenicity of an optimized self-replicating RNA platform for low dose or single dose vaccine applications: a randomized, open label Phase I study in healthy volunteers.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA) vaccines: Progress, evidence gaps, and translational pathways for durable and scalable immunization.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Exploration of biodistribution of mRNA-delivering lipid nanoparticles in the neonatal mouse inner ear.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Combinatorial synthesis of novel polycations for mRNA deliveryRSC applied polymers · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal control of STING activation and saRNA delivery decouples humoral and cellular immunity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Analytical Characterization and Stability Assessment of RNA-Based Vaccines.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Deciphering theVaccines · 2026Article
- Extrahepatic Gene Editing In Vivo Using Organic Solvent-Free Lipid Nanoparticles.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- SPRY domains encode ubiquitin ligase specificity for ZAP and RIG-I.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Emerging Non-Conventional Approaches in mRNA-LNP Formulation for Therapeutic Applications.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Possible Ways of Reducing Adverse Events Associated with mRNA Vaccines Encapsulated in Lipid Nanoparticles.Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2026Review
- Triptolide Nanoemulsion Gel as a Transdermal Drug Delivery System: Preparation, Pharmacokinetics, and Rheumatoid Arthritis Evaluation.Current drug delivery · 2026Article
- Payload-Driven Design of Polymeric Carriers for Nucleic Acid Delivery: Insights from Structure-Function Relationships.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Quantification of Endosomal Escape Using Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Divergent Delivery and Expression Kinetics of Lipid and Polymeric Nanoparticles across mRNA Modalities.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Review
- Manipulating the delivery and immunogenicity of DNA vaccines through the addition of CB[8] to cationic polymers.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Article
- Opposing impacts of DNA polyplex crosslinking on delivery efficiency and vaccine responses.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Article
- Compact polyethylenimine-complexed mRNA vaccines.Nature nanotechnology · 2025Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) is a next-generation vaccine platform, but like all nucleic acids, requires a delivery vehicle to promote cellular uptake and protect the saRNA from degradation. To date, delivery platforms for saRNA have included lipid nanoparticles (LNP), polyplexes and cationic nanoemulsions; of these LNP are the most clinically advanced with the recent FDA approval of COVID-19 based-modified mRNA vaccines. While the effect of RNA on vaccine immunogenicity is well studied, the role of biomaterials in saRNA vaccine effectiveness is under investigated. Here, we tested saRNA formulated with either pABOL, a bioreducible polymer, or LNP, and characterized the protein expression and vaccine immunogenicity of both platforms. We observed that pABOL-formulated saRNA resulted in a higher magnitude of protein expression, but that the LNP formulations were overall more immunogenic. Furthermore, we observed that both the helper phospholipid and route of administration (intramuscular versus intranasal) of LNP impacted the vaccine immunogenicity of two model antigens (influenza hemagglutinin and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein). We observed that LNP administered intramuscularly, but not pABOL or LNP administered intranasally, resulted in increased acute interleukin-6 expression after vaccination. Overall, these results indicate that delivery systems and routes of administration may fulfill different delivery niches within the field of saRNA genetic medicines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.