ArticleNeuropharmacology2021
Natural and synthetic estrogens specifically alter nicotine demand and cue-induced nicotine seeking in female rats.
Article in Neuropharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ovarian Hormones and Addictive Behaviour Vulnerability: Insights From Preclinical Studies.Addiction biology · 2025Pooled it
- Nicotine self-administration suppresses both pro- and anti-inflammatory accumbens cytokines but does not induce apoptosis in female rats.Addiction neuroscience · 2026Article
- Synaptic Actions of Estradiol in the Brain's Reward System: Linking Mechanisms to Behavior and Disease.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Review
- Ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel coadministration induces hypophagia and increases energy expenditure in female rats.Endocrinology · 2026Article
- Preclinical abuse potential testing using behavioral economics and drug self-administration demand-curve analysis: A strategy to improve resolution of drug stratification for regulatory control.Pharmacological reviews · 2026Review
- Nicotine combined with estrogen activates protein kinase PKCι and TAO, while inhibiting specific MAP kinase pathways in cultured human neurons: an atlas of kinase activities for nicotine use disorder.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Article
- We must look beyond primary reinforcement to understand nicotine use in women.Frontiers in neuroendocrinology · 2026Review
- Contraceptive hormone ethinyl estradiol but not levonorgestrel modulates the role of reinforcer-enhancement in nicotine self-administration in ovary-intact female Sprague-Dawley rats.Neuropharmacology · 2025Article
- Nicotine is an Immunosuppressant: Implications for Women's Health and Disease.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2024Review
- Biological sex and hormonal contraceptive associations with drug cue reactivity in cannabis use disorder.Journal of psychiatric research · 2024Article
- Xylazine suppresses fentanyl consumption during self-administration and induces a unique sex-specific withdrawal syndrome that is not altered by naloxone in rats.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2024Article
- Impacts of xylazine on fentanyl demand, body weight, and acute withdrawal in rats: A comparison to lofexidine.Neuropharmacology · 2024Article
- Acceptability of Hormonal Contraceptives as a Smoking Cessation Aid for Women of Reproductive Age: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey.Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Oxycodone withdrawal is associated with increased cocaine self-administration and aberrant accumbens glutamate plasticity in rats.Neuropharmacology · 2024Article
- Synthetic contraceptive hormones occlude the ability of nicotine to reduce ethanol consumption in ovary-intact female rats.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Article
- The co-use of nicotine and prescription psychostimulants: A review of their behavioral and neuropharmacological interactions.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Review
- The importance of translationally evaluating steroid hormone contributions to substance use.Frontiers in neuroendocrinology · 2023Review
- Regulation of sex differences in risk-based decision making by gonadal hormones: Insights from rodent models.Behavioural processes · 2022Review
- Sex Differences in Psychostimulant Abuse: Implications for Estrogen Receptors and Histone Deacetylases.Genes · 2022Review
- Logical fallacies and misinterpretations that hinder progress in translational addiction neuroscience.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Women have more difficulty maintaining smoking cessation than men, and experience greater withdrawal symptomatology as well as higher prevalence of relapse. Further, currently available treatments for smoking cessation, such as the nicotine patch and varenicline, have been shown to be less effective in women. Fluctuations in ovarian hormones across the menstrual cycle can affect craving and smoking relapse propensity. In addition, many women who smoke use some form of oral contraceptives, which most often contain ethinyl estradiol (EE), a synthetic, orally bio-available estrogen that is currently prescribed to women chronically and has been shown to alter smoking reward in women. The current study examined the impact of 17β-estradiol (E2), the prominent endogenous form of the steroid hormone estrogen, as well as EE, on nicotine self-administration, demand, and reinstatement following ovariectomy (OVX) or sham surgery. OVX vehicle-treated female rats consumed less nicotine, had lower intensity of demand, and reinstated less compared to sham vehicle-treated female rats. OVX-E2 and OVX-EE treatment groups showed a rebound of nicotine intake later in training, and Q
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.