Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34415665›Full record

ReviewAging cell2021

Epigenetic age prediction.

Daniel J Simpson, Tamir Chandra

Registry-linked trialOpen access · goldAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Aging cell, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06975111 (Focusing on the Menopausal Transition to Improve Mid-Life Women's Health), which is not on this map. Cited by 102 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
102citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
10.4field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06975111 phase2 / phase3recruitingstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Focusing on the Menopausal Transition to Improve Mid-Life Women's Health

Ran2026Enrolled200Registered outcomes10Posted comparisons0ConditionsCardiovascular, Menopause, Menopause Hot Flashes, Menopause Related ConditionsArmsAnti-hypertensives, Fezolinetant, Hormonal therapy, Life Style Intervention, Lipid Lowering Medication
Open the trial in the graph
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

102 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 181 citations in OpenAlex.

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  20. No winners or losers: clinical chemistry-based biological aging metrics perform similarly across cohorts and health outcomes.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2025
    Article

42 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Daniel J SimpsonMRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-8431-7384
Tamir ChandraMRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-7935-317X
Institute of Genetics and Cancer · GB

Funding

Medical Research Council
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Advanced age is the main common risk factor for cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration. Yet, more is known about the molecular basis of any of these groups of diseases than the changes that accompany ageing itself. Progress in molecular ageing research was slow because the tools predicting whether someone aged slowly or fast (biological age) were unreliable. To understand ageing as a risk factor for disease and to develop interventions, the molecular ageing field needed a quantitative measure; a clock for biological age. Over the past decade, a number of age predictors utilising DNA methylation have been developed, referred to as epigenetic clocks. While they appear to estimate biological age, it remains unclear whether the methylation changes used to train the clocks are a reflection of other underlying cellular or molecular processes, or whether methylation itself is involved in the ageing process. The precise aspects of ageing that the epigenetic clocks capture remain hidden and seem to vary between predictors. Nonetheless, the use of epigenetic clocks has opened the door towards studying biological ageing quantitatively, and new clocks and applications, such as forensics, appear frequently. In this review, we will discuss the range of epigenetic clocks available, their strengths and weaknesses, and their applicability to various scientific queries.

Indexed as

AgingAnimalsEpigenesis, GeneticHumansageingcomposite predictorsepigenetic clocksminimised clocksmortality

Identifiers

PMID34415665
PMCPMC8441394
OpenAlexW3193754681

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.