ReviewApplied microbiology and biotechnology2021
On the nutritional and therapeutic effects of ketone body D-β-hydroxybutyrate.
Review in Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Renal effects of short-term ketone monoester supplementation in healthy adults: A randomized, placebo-controlled study.Physiological reports · 2026Trial
- Article
- β-Hydroxybutyrate, a primary metabolite of ketogenic diets and its dual role in modulating colorectal cancer: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic insights.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- β‑hydroxybutyric acid as a potential therapeutic metabolite for type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Unveiling the Important Role of Gut Microbiota and Diet in Multiple Sclerosis.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Enhancing the structural stability of P29-targeted monoclonal antibodies via β-hydroxybutyrylation modification improves their therapeutic performance in alveolar echinococcosis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Extracellular Vesicles Modulate Liver Cells Viability and Reactive Oxygen Species in Patients Following a Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Optimizing oral 3-hydroxybutyrate dosage using pharmacokinetic model to improve cognitive function and mood in healthy subjects.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Understanding the Relationship between the Ketogenic Diet and the Heart: A Novel Therapeutic Potential for Cardiovascular Health.Cardiovascular & hematological agents in medicinal chemistry · 2024Review
- The Impact of a Very-Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet in the Gut Microbiota Composition in Obesity.Nutrients · 2023Review
- D-beta-hydroxybutyrate protects against microglial activation in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice and BV-2 cells.Metabolic brain disease · 2023Article
- The Ketogenic Diet and Neuroinflammation: The Action of Beta-Hydroxybutyrate in a Microglial Cell Line.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Differential metabolites in cirrhotic patients with hepatitis B and muscle mass loss.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- HMGCS2 Mediation of Ketone Levels Affects Sorafenib Treatment Efficacy in Liver Cancer Cells.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Differential Effects of Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Enantiomers on Induced Pluripotent Stem Derived Cardiac Myocyte Electrophysiology.Biomolecules · 2022Article
- Review
- Ketogenic and Modified Mediterranean Diet as a Tool to Counteract Neuroinflammation in Multiple Sclerosis: Nutritional Suggestions.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Beta-Hydroxybutyrate: A Dual Function Molecular and Immunological Barrier Function Regulator.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- The impact of hyperglycaemic crisis episodes on long-term outcomes for inpatients presenting with acute organ injury: A prospective, multicentre follow-up study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- A Polyhydroxyalkanoates-Based Carrier Platform of Bioactive Substances for Therapeutic Applications.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
D-β-hydroxybutyrate (D-3HB), a monomer of microbial polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), is also a natural ketone body produced during carbohydrate deprivation to provide energy to the body cells, heart, and brain. In recent years, increasing evidence demonstrates that D-3HB can induce pleiotropic effects on the human body which are highly beneficial for improving physical and metabolic health. Conventional ketogenic diet (KD) or exogenous ketone salts (KS) and esters (KE) have been used to increase serum D-3HB level. However, strict adaptation to the KD was often associated with poor patient compliance, while the ingestion of KS caused gastrointestinal distresses due to excessive consumption of minerals. As for ingestion of KE, subsequent degradation is required before releasing D-3HB for absorption, making these methods somewhat inferior. This review provides novel insights into a biologically synthesized D-3HB (D-3-hydroxybutyric acid) which can induce a faster increase in plasma D-3HB compared to the use of KD, KS, or KE. It also emphasizes on the most recent applications of D-3HB in different fields, including its use in improving exercise performance and in treating metabolic or age-related diseases. Ketones may become a fourth micro-nutrient that is necessary to the human body along with carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Indeed, D-3HB being a small molecule with multiple signaling pathways within the body exhibits paramount importance in mitigating metabolic and age-related diseases. Nevertheless, specific dose-response relationships and safety margins of using D-3HB remain to be elucidated with more research. KEY POINTS: • D-3HB induces pleiotropic effects on physical and metabolic health. • Exogenous ketone supplements are more effective than ketogenic diet. • d-3HB as a ketone supplement has long-term healthy impact.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.