ArticleInflammation2022
Thymosin β4 Suppresses LPS-Induced Murine Lung Fibrosis by Attenuating Oxidative Injury and Alleviating Inflammation.
Article in Inflammation, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- 0.1% RGN-259 (Thymosin ß4) Ophthalmic Solution Promotes Healing and Improves Comfort in Neurotrophic Keratopathy Patients in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Masked Phase III Clinical Trial.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Trial
- Decidualization-empowered ECM hydrogel integrating sustained Tβ4 release drives endometrial regeneration in intrauterine adhesions.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Mitophagy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Pathogenesis and current status of the treatment of lung cancer associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.Respiratory research · 2025Review
- Thymosin Beta-4 Modulates Cardiac Remodeling by Regulating ROCK1 Expression in Adult Mammals.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Tβ4-exosome-loaded hemostatic and antibacterial hydrogel to improve vascular regeneration and modulate macrophage polarization for diabetic wound treatment.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Mechanisms of alveolar type II epithelial cells' mitochondrial quality control during acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome: bridging the gap between oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Review
- Nutritional insights into pulmonary fibrosis: a comprehensive review on the impact of vitamins.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids Attenuate LPS-Induced NIH/3T3 Cell Fibrosis through the ABulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2024Article
- Mechanism and role of mitophagy in the development of severe infection.Cell death discovery · 2024Review
- Mitophagy in fibrotic diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic applications.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Review
- Association of serum thymosin β4 with malnutrition-inflammation-atherosclerosis syndrome in peritoneal dialysis patients: a cross-sectional study.Renal failure · 2023Article
- Exogenous Thymosin Beta 4 Suppresses IPF-Lung Cancer in Mice: Possibly Associated with Its Inhibitory Effect on the JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- An in vitro approach to understand contribution of kidney cells to human urinary extracellular vesicles.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2023Article
- The Role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP Axis in Organ Fibrosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- ThymosinCardiovascular therapeutics · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic effects. Although the potent protective role of Tβ4 in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis has been validated, the underlying mechanism is not clear; moreover, the influence of Tβ4 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury/fibrosis has not been reported. Expression of Tβ4 in fibrotic lung tissues was assessed by real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (rt-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and western blotting. The effects of intraperitoneal adeno-associated virus-Tβ4 (AAV-Tβ4) on LPS-induced lung injury and fibrosis were observed through the evaluation of collagen deposition and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) expression. In vitro tests with HPAEpiC and HLF-1 cells were performed to confirm the effects of Tβ4. In this study, we evaluated the role of Tβ4 in pulmonary fibrosis and explored the possible underlying mechanisms. Tβ4 was markedly upregulated in human or mouse fibrotic lung tissues. AAV-Tβ4 markedly alleviated LPS-induced oxidative damage, lung injury, inflammation, and fibrosis in mice. Our in vitro experiments also showed that LPS inhibited mitophagy and promoted inflammation via oxidative stress in HPAEpiC, and Tβ4 significantly attenuated LPS-induced mitophagy inhibition, inflammasome activation, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF)-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HPAEpiC. Moreover, Tβ4 suppressed the proliferation and attenuated the TGF-β1-induced activation of HLF-1 cells. In conclusion, Tβ4 alleviates LPS-induced lung injury, inflammation, and subsequent fibrosis in mice, suggesting that Tβ4 has a protective role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Tβ4 is involved in attenuating oxidative injury, promoting mitophagy, and alleviating inflammation and fibrosis. Modulation of Tβ4 might be a novel strategy for treating pulmonary fibrosis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.