ArticleSSM - population health2021
Hesitancy in the time of coronavirus: Temporal, spatial, and sociodemographic variations in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.
Article in SSM - population health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 124 citations in OpenAlex.
- Examining the Impact of the Syndemic on Black Birthing Individuals in the USA: a Systematic Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Pooled it
- The Role of Trust in COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance: Considerations from a Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy of the Outsmart HPV Intervention: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase HPV Vaccination among Young Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2023Trial
- The role of age, sex, and ethnicity in vaccine trust, and sources of information in Canada: Findings from a national survey.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Associations Between Healthcare Discrimination, Medical Mistrust, and COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Young Black Adults in the Southern United States.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Parental Vaccine Hesitancy in the Post-COVID-19 Era: Results from a Cross-Sectional Survey in the United States, 2025.Vaccines · 2026Article
- [Motivation and perception of vaccine accessibility among people vaccinated against COVID-19 in Makokou, Gabon, in 2021-2022].Medecine tropicale et sante internationale · 2026Article
- Cross-Cultural Differences in Public Discourse on COVID-19 Vaccination in the United States and South Korea: Cross-Sectional Analysis Using Natural Language Processing.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Racial and Ethnic Differences in COVID-19 Disease Severity Among US Adults in Health Systems Participating in PCORnet®: May 2020-October 2022.Medical care · 2026Article
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- Politics in Public Health: Growing Partisan Divides in COVID-19 Vaccine Attitudes and Uptake Post-2021 Presidential Inauguration.International journal of public health · 2025Article
- Context matters: How to research vaccine attitudes and uptake after the COVID-19 crisis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Cognitive flexibility predicts attitudes towards vaccination: evidence from a New Zealand sample.BMC psychology · 2024Article
- Understanding the rationales and information environments for early, late, and nonadopters of the COVID-19 vaccine.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Comprehensive Clustering Analysis and Profiling of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Related Factors across U.S. Counties: Insights for Future Pandemic Responses.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A Study Examining the Impact of County-Level Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Political Affiliation Characteristics on COVID-19 Vaccination Patterns in Indiana.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Assessing the Role of Trust in Public Health Agencies and COVID-19 Vaccination Status Among a Community Sample of African Americans in North Carolina.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Sociodemographic determinants of vaccination and willingness to pay for COVID-19 vaccines in Hungary, results of a cross-sectional online questionnaire.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Information processing style and institutional trust as factors of COVID vaccine hesitancy.Scientific reports · 2024Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Leveraging nationally representative survey data on 443,680 respondents from January to March 2021, this study examines the temporal, spatial, and sociodemographic variations in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the U.S. Findings reveal multidimensional determinants of vaccination intentions involving confidence, complacency, and circumspection factors. Using descriptive analyses and multilevel mixed-effects regression models, we find persistent partisan divide across states and significant racial disparities, with Blacks more likely to develop vaccine hesitancy due to confidence and circumspection than Whites. Vaccine hesitancy among Blacks declines dramatically across time but varies little across states, indicating new directions to effectively address inequalities in vaccination. Results also show nuanced gender differences, with women more likely to develop hesitancy due to circumspection and men more likely to have hesitancy due to complacency. Moreover, we find important intersection between race, gender, and education that calls for efforts to adequately address the concerns of the most vulnerable and disadvantaged groups.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.