ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
GMMA-Based Vaccines: The Known and The Unknown.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed.
- Safety and Immunogenicity of a 4-Component Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens Shigella Vaccine in Healthy European Adults: Randomized, Phase 1/2 Study.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Complement-mediated serum bactericidal activity of antibodies elicited by theFrontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- GMMA as adjuvant and carrier for mucosal delivery of group A streptococcus glycoconjugate vaccine.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Preclinical characterization of immune responses induced by a candidate gonococcal native outer membrane vesicle vaccine.mSphere · 2026Article
- GMMA as delivery system for Klebsiella pneumoniae O-antigens and K-antigens.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Biomedical Research and Clinical Translation.Microbial biotechnology · 2026Review
- Assessment ofOpen veterinary journal · 2026Article
- Perspective on the pathogenic Neisseria: milestones, challenges, and future directions.NPJ vaccines · 2026Review
- Multivalent vaccines for invasiveInfection and immunity · 2026Review
- Development of a GMMA-based candidate vaccine against invasive nontyphoidalFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Tiny packages, big potential: bacterial membrane vesicles in vaccinology.Microbial cell factories · 2025Review
- Evaluation of cross-functional antibody responses elicited by a four-component GMMA Shigella vaccine.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Characterization of a Luminescence-Based Serum Bactericidal Activity Assay for Human Sera Against a Panel ofMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Contribution of the different Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipooligosaccharide structural variants to functional responses elicited by GMMA outer membrane vesicles.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Development of a Promising Bivalent Vaccine AgainstExploration (Beijing, China) · 2025Article
- The Central Importance of Vaccines to Mitigate the Threat of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Rhamnose polysaccharide-decorated outer membrane vesicles as a vaccine candidate targeting Group A Streptococcus fromVaccine: X · 2025Article
- Bioengineering Outer-Membrane Vesicles for Vaccine Development: Strategies, Advances, and Perspectives.Vaccines · 2025Review
- A novel GMMA-based gonococcal vaccine demonstrates functional immune responses in mice.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Protein-specific immune response elicited by themSphere · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) are outer membrane vesicles derived from Gram-negative bacteria engineered to provide an over-vesiculating phenotype, which represent an attractive platform for the design of affordable vaccines. GMMA can be further genetically manipulated to modulate the risk of systemic reactogenicity and to act as delivery system for heterologous polysaccharide or protein antigens. GMMA are able to induce strong immunogenicity and protection in animal challenge models, and to be well-tolerated and immunogenic in clinical studies. The high immunogenicity could be ascribed to their particulate size, to their ability to present to the immune system multiple antigens in a natural conformation which mimics the bacterial environment, as well as to their intrinsic self-adjuvanticity. However, GMMA mechanism of action and the role in adjuvanticity are still unclear and need further investigation. In this review, we discuss progresses in the development of the GMMA vaccine platform, highlighting successful applications and identifying knowledge gaps and potential challenges.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.