ArticleNPJ science of learning2021
Multivariate genome-wide covariance analyses of literacy, language and working memory skills reveal distinct etiologies.
Article in NPJ science of learning, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Developing language in a developing body: genetic associations of infant gross motor behaviour and self-care/symbolic actions with emerging language abilities.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Disentangling multivariate relationships between cognition, language and social traits: structures of G, E, andbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Twin modelling reveals partly distinct genetic pathways to music enjoyment.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Structural models of genome-wide covariance identify multiple common dimensions in autism.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Genome-wide analyses of individual differences in quantitatively assessed reading- and language-related skills in up to 34,000 people.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Combining Structural-Equation Modeling with Genomic-Relatedness-Matrix Restricted Maximum Likelihood in OpenMx.Behavior genetics · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Several abilities outside literacy proper are associated with reading and spelling, both phenotypically and genetically, though our knowledge of multivariate genomic covariance structures is incomplete. Here, we introduce structural models describing genetic and residual influences between traits to study multivariate links across measures of literacy, phonological awareness, oral language, and phonological working memory (PWM) in unrelated UK youth (8-13 years, N = 6453). We find that all phenotypes share a large proportion of underlying genetic variation, although especially oral language and PWM reveal substantial differences in their genetic variance composition with substantial trait-specific genetic influences. Multivariate genetic and residual trait covariance showed concordant patterns, except for marked differences between oral language and literacy/phonological awareness, where strong genetic links contrasted near-zero residual overlap. These findings suggest differences in etiological mechanisms, acting beyond a pleiotropic set of genetic variants, and implicate variation in trait modifiability even among phenotypes that have high genetic correlations.
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Registered trials
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