ArticleNature communications2021
Bacterial cellulose spheroids as building blocks for 3D and patterned living materials and for regeneration.
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed.
- De Novo Autogenic Engineered Living Functional Materials.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- CelluBase: a comprehensive genomic platform for advancing cellulose-producing bacteria.Microbial genomics · 2026Article
- Living co-culture fabrication for biologically crosslinked mycelium-cellulose hydrogels and films.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Tailored living mycelium macerate for reproducible flexible actuators.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A programmable fungal platform for engineered living textiles.Science advances · 2026Article
- Polymer chemistry at the living-material interface.Chemical science · 2026Review
- Self-Growing and Mechanically Tunable Living Materials withACS applied polymer materials · 2026Article
- Programmable cell-cell adhesion in synthetic yeast communities for improved bioproduction.Nature chemical biology · 2026Article
- Light-based 3D printing of mechanoluminescent living gels loaded with dinoflagellates.Science advances · 2026Article
- Recent advances in bioengineering and functional applications of microbial biocomposites: integrating bacterial cellulose, fungal mycelium and synthetic biology.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026Review
- Living Hydrogels: Harnessing Microorganism-Material Synergy for Next-Generation Therapeutics.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Bacterial cellulose as a promising biodegradable bioplastic for sustainability.Nature communications · 2026Review
- Artificial Symbiosis for Bulk Production of Bacterial Cellulose Composites.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Bio-orthogonal functionalization of bacterial cellulose combining metabolic glycoengineering and click chemistry.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Probiotic-Based Materials as Living Therapeutics.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Review
- Microbial Valorization of Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Waste into Bacterial Cellulose: Innovations for Circular Bioeconomy Integration.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Self-organization of cellulose-producing microbial communities during biofilm spreading.Soft matter · 2025Article
- Bacterially grown living materials with resistant and on-demand functionality.Science advances · 2025Article
- Ancestral Protein-Based Lighting.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Article
- Designer mammalian living materials through genetic engineering.Bioactive materials · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Engineered living materials (ELMs) based on bacterial cellulose (BC) offer a promising avenue for cheap-to-produce materials that can be programmed with genetically encoded functionalities. Here we explore how ELMs can be fabricated in a modular fashion from millimetre-scale biofilm spheroids grown from shaking cultures of Komagataeibacter rhaeticus. Here we define a reproducible protocol to produce BC spheroids with the high yield bacterial cellulose producer K. rhaeticus and demonstrate for the first time their potential for their use as building blocks to grow ELMs in 3D shapes. Using genetically engineered K. rhaeticus, we produce functionalized BC spheroids and use these to make and grow patterned BC-based ELMs that signal within a material and can sense and report on chemical inputs. We also investigate the use of BC spheroids as a method to regenerate damaged BC materials and as a way to fuse together smaller material sections of cellulose and synthetic materials into a larger piece. This work improves our understanding of BC spheroid formation and showcases their great potential for fabricating, patterning and repairing ELMs based on the promising biomaterial of bacterial cellulose.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.