Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34412676›Full record

ArticleCritical care (London, England)2021

Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing VIM carbapenemase in an intensive care unit and its termination by implementation of waterless patient care.

Gaud Catho, R Martischang, F Boroli, M N Chraïti, Y Martin, Z Koyluk Tomsuk, G Renzi, J Schrenzel, J Pugin, P Nordmann and 2 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Critical care (London, England), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
41citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
5.6field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 106 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Observational
  3. Review
  4. Containing a PER-1-producingInfection prevention in practice · 2026
    Article
  5. Review
  6. Article
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Veterinary Clinics as Reservoirs forAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
    Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. A persistent sink reservoir as a potential source ofAntimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2025
    Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Gaud CathoInfection Control Program, WHO Collaborating Center for Patient Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 4, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland. gaud.catho@protonmail.ch.ORCID 0000-0002-4948-0944
R MartischangInfection Control Program, WHO Collaborating Center for Patient Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 4, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
F BoroliDivision of Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
M N ChraïtiInfection Control Program, WHO Collaborating Center for Patient Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 4, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
Y MartinInfection Control Program, WHO Collaborating Center for Patient Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 4, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
Z Koyluk TomsukDivision of Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
G RenziBacteriology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
J SchrenzelBacteriology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
J PuginDivision of Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
P NordmannEmerging Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
D S BlancSwiss National Reference Center for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance, Fribourg, Switzerland.
S HarbarthInfection Control Program, WHO Collaborating Center for Patient Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 4, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
University Hospital of Geneva · CHUniversity of Fribourg · CHUniversity of Lausanne · CH

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundLong-term outbreaks of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli related to hospital-building water systems have been described. However, successful mitigation strategies have rarely been reported. In particular, environmental disinfection or replacement of contaminated equipment usually failed to eradicate environmental sources of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

methodsWe report the investigation and termination of an outbreak of P. aeruginosa producing VIM carbapenemase (PA-VIM) in the adult intensive care unit (ICU) of a Swiss tertiary care hospital with active case finding, environmental sampling and whole genome sequencing (WGS) of patient and environmental strains. We also describe the implemented control strategies and their effectiveness on eradication of the environmental reservoir.

resultsBetween April 2018 and September 2020, 21 patients became either infected or colonized with a PA-VIM strain. For 16 of them, an acquisition in the ICU was suspected. Among 131 environmental samples collected in the ICU, 13 grew PA-VIM in sink traps and drains. WGS confirmed the epidemiological link between clinical and environmental strains and the monoclonal pattern of the outbreak. After removing sinks from patient rooms and implementation of waterless patient care, no new acquisition was detected in the ICU within 8 months after the intervention. DISCUSSION: Implementation of waterless patient care with removal of the sinks in patient rooms was successful for termination of a PA-VIM ICU outbreak linked to multiple environmental water sources. WGS provides highly discriminatory accuracy to investigate environment-related outbreaks.

Indexed as

AdultAgedBacterial Proteinsbeta-LactamasesCross InfectionDisease OutbreaksEpidemiologyEquipment ContaminationFemaleHumansIatrogenic DiseaseIntensive Care UnitsMaleMiddle AgedPseudomonas aeruginosaPseudomonas InfectionsBacterial Proteinsbeta-LactamasescarbapenemaseAquatic reservoirCarbapememasecgMLSTOutbreakPseudomonas aeruginosaSinkVIMWaterless

Identifiers

PMID34412676
PMCPMC8376114
OpenAlexW3174056425

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.