Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34411526›Full record

ArticleCurrent biology : CB2021

Vision is required for the formation of binocular neurons prior to the classical critical period.

Liming Tan, Dario L Ringach, S Lawrence Zipursky, Joshua T Trachtenberg

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Current biology : CB, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
22citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. PSD-95 drives binocular vision maturation critical for predation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Binocular Circuitry as a Model for Understanding Experience-Dependent Circuit Development across the Mammalian Cortex.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026
    Review
  6. Article
  7. Establishing a continuum of cell types in the visual cortex.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025
    Article
  8. Article
  9. A Critical Look at Critical Periods.Annual review of vision science · 2025
    Review
  10. Longitudinal assessment of retinal and visual pathway electrophysiology and structure after high altitude exposure.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2025
    Article
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Widespread and Multifaceted Binocular Integration in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2023
    Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. The role of binocular vision in the control and development of visually guided upper limb movements.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023
    Review
  19. Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Liming TanDepartment of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
Dario L RingachDepartment of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
S Lawrence ZipurskyDepartment of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
Joshua T TrachtenbergDepartment of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Electronic address: joshua.trachtenberg@gmail.com.

Funding

Origins of plasticity in the establishment of binocular visionR01EY023871 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI Joshua Trachtenberg · 2013 to 2026
$5.4M
Disinhibition and experience-dependent visual plasticityR01EY027407 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE · PI MCGEE, AARON W, TRACHTENBERG, JOSHUA · 2017 to 2020
$1.9M
Population codes and sensory discriminationRF1NS116471 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI RINGACH, DARIO L · 2020 to 2020
$1.2M
Bayesian estimation of network connectivity and motifsR01EB022915 · NIBIB · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI RINGACH, DARIO L · 2016 to 2018
$1.2M
Population codes and sensory discriminationR01NS116471 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI RINGACH, DARIO L · 2023 to 2024
$789k
NEI NIH HHS R01 EY023871NEI NIH HHS R01 EY027407NIBIB NIH HHS R01 EB022915NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS116471NINDS NIH HHS RF1 NS116471
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Depth perception emerges from the development of binocular neurons in primary visual cortex. Vision is required for these neurons to acquire their mature responses to visual stimuli. The prevailing view is that vision does not influence binocular circuitry until the onset of the critical period, about a week after eye opening, and that plasticity of visual responses is triggered by increased inhibition. Here, we show that vision is required to form binocular neurons and to improve binocular tuning and matching from eye opening until critical period closure. Enhancing inhibition does not accelerate this process. Vision soon after eye opening improves the tuning properties of binocular neurons by strengthening and sharpening ipsilateral eye cortical responses. This progressively changes the population of neurons in the binocular pool, and this plasticity is sensitive to interocular differences prior to critical period onset. Thus, vision establishes binocular circuitry and guides binocular plasticity from eye opening.

Indexed as

Visual CortexNeuronsPhotic StimulationVision, BinocularVision, Ocularbinocularcortexcortical developmentcritical periodexperience-dependent plasticityreceptive field tuningvision

Identifiers

PMID34411526
PMCPMC8511080

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.