ArticleeLife2021
The whale shark genome reveals patterns of vertebrate gene family evolution.
Article in eLife, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chromosome-level assembly of the Critically Endangered school shark, Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758).Scientific data · 2026Article
- Article
- First Chromosome-level Genome Assembly and Annotation of an Endangered Freshwater Stingray (Fontitrygon garouaensis) from Africa.Scientific data · 2026Article
- Improved genome assembly of whale shark, the world's biggest fish: revealing intragenomic heterogeneity in molecular evolution.GigaScience · 2026Article
- Identification and characterization of a novel papillomavirus in thornback skate (Microbial genomics · 2025Article
- Chromosome-Level Assembly and Annotation of the Grey Reef Shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) Genome.Genome biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Decoding deception: the binding affinity of cuttlefish ink on shark smell receptors.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
- Understanding vertebrate immunity through comparative immunology.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- The Sensory Shark: High-quality Morphological, Genomic and Transcriptomic Data for the Small-spotted Catshark Scyliorhinus Canicula Reveal the Molecular Bases of Sensory Organ Evolution in Jawed Vertebrates.Molecular biology and evolution · 2024Article
- The evolution of tenascins.BMC ecology and evolution · 2024Article
- Single-cell RNA sequencing illuminates the ontogeny, conservation and diversification of cartilaginous and bony fish lymphocytes.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Hagfish genome elucidates vertebrate whole-genome duplication events and their evolutionary consequences.Nature ecology & evolution · 2024Article
- Article
- Genealogical Diversity of Endogenous Retrovirus in the Jawless Fish Genome.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2023Article
- Elasmobranch genome sequencing reveals evolutionary trends of vertebrate karyotype organization.Genome research · 2023Article
- Gene losses, parallel evolution and heightened expression confer adaptations to dedicated cleaning behaviour.BMC biology · 2023Article
- Organized B cell sites in cartilaginous fishes reveal the evolutionary foundation of germinal centers.Cell reports · 2023Article
- Independent rediploidization masks shared whole genome duplication in the sturgeon-paddlefish ancestor.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Immune gene variation associated with chromosome-scale differences among individual zebrafish genomes.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) are fundamental for understanding vertebrate evolution, yet their genomes are understudied. We report long-read sequencing of the whale shark genome to generate the best gapless chondrichthyan genome assembly yet with higher contig contiguity than all other cartilaginous fish genomes, and studied vertebrate genomic evolution of ancestral gene families, immunity, and gigantism. We found a major increase in gene families at the origin of gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) independent of their genome duplication. We studied vertebrate pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which are key in initiating innate immune defense, and found diverse patterns of gene family evolution, demonstrating that adaptive immunity in gnathostomes did not fully displace germline-encoded PRR innovation. We also discovered a new toll-like receptor (TLR29) and three NOD1 copies in the whale shark. We found chondrichthyan and giant vertebrate genomes had decreased substitution rates compared to other vertebrates, but gene family expansion rates varied among vertebrate giants, suggesting substitution and expansion rates of gene families are decoupled in vertebrate genomes. Finally, we found gene families that shifted in expansion rate in vertebrate giants were enriched for human cancer-related genes, consistent with gigantism requiring adaptations to suppress cancer.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.