ReviewFrontiers in cell and developmental biology2021
From Mesenchymal Stromal Cells to Engineered Extracellular Vesicles: A New Therapeutic Paradigm.
Review in Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells in Birth Defects: Integrated Roles in Disease Modeling, Prenatal Diagnosis, and Therapy.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2026Review
- Article
- Apoptotic Bodies: Decoding Their Functional Messages in Physiology and Pathology.Cell biochemistry and function · 2026Review
- Mechanochemically primed regenerative extracellular vesicles as a nanotherapeutic strategy for peripheral neuropathy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Translational Progress and Clinical Challenges in Bioengineered Bone and Joint Repair.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- The Mechanistic Review of the Molecular Interface of RNA-Loaded Extracellular Vesicles: Redefining Targeted Therapy for Autoimmune Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Neurological Complications of Prematurity: A Narrative Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Liver Regeneration: Current Status and Future Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Quantification of EV-associated miRNA in liquid biopsies for biomarker signature development.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Engineering the Future: Strategic Advances in Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Drug Delivery Systems.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Stem Cell and Exosome Therapy in Wound Healing: Traps, Paradoxes, and Tricks Transforming Paradigms.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Target antigen-displaying extracellular vesicles boost CAR T cell efficacy in cell and mouse models of neuroblastoma.Science translational medicine · 2025Article
- Extracellular vesicles derived from salivary gland stem cells cultured on microwell scaffolds loaded with WNT3A promote the recovery of salivary gland function damaged by radiation via the YWHAZ-PI3K-AKT pathway.Bioactive materials · 2025Article
- MSC-derived extracellular vesicles: Precision miRNA delivery for overcoming cancer therapy resistance.Regenerative therapy · 2025Review
- Mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicle vascularization bioactivity and production yield are responsive to cell culture substrate stiffness.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2025Article
- Immune rejection of human mesenchymal stem cells compared to extracellular vesicles in mice with renal artery stenosis.Stem cells translational medicine · 2025Article
- Exosome-based miRNA delivery: Transforming cancer treatment with mesenchymal stem cells.Regenerative therapy · 2025Review
- Effects of Hydrogels on Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Paracrine Activity and Extracellular Vesicles Production.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Review
- Enabling Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles Clinical Availability-A Technological and Economical Evaluation.Journal of extracellular biology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells obtained from many tissues including bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord, amniotic fluid, and placenta. MSCs are the leading cell source for stem cell therapy due to their regenerative and immunomodulatory properties, their low risk of tumorigenesis and lack of ethical constraints. However, clinical applications of MSCs remain limited. MSC therapeutic development continues to pose challenges in terms of preparation, purity, consistency, efficiency, reproducibility, processing time and scalability. Additionally, there are issues with their poor engraftment and survival in sites of disease or damage that limit their capacity to directly replace damaged cells. A key recent development in MSC research, however, is the now widely accepted view that MSCs primarily exert therapeutic effects via paracrine factor secretion. One of the major paracrine effectors are extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs represent a potential cell-free alternative to stem cell therapy but are also rapidly emerging as a novel therapeutic platform in their own right, particularly in the form of engineered EVs (EEVs) tailored to target a broad range of clinical indications. However, the development of EVs and EEVs for therapeutic application still faces a number of hurdles, including the establishment of a consistent, scalable cell source, and the development of robust GMP-compliant upstream and downstream manufacturing processes. In this review we will highlight the clinical challenges of MSC therapeutic development and discuss how EVs and EEVs can overcome the challenges faced in the clinical application of MSCs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.