ArticleScientific reports2021
Anatomy of Cowper's gland in humans suggesting a secretion and emission mechanism facilitated by cooperation of striated and smooth muscles.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- New anatomical insight into the muscular structure of the anal canal: revealing Treitz muscle as a directional shift of the internal anal sphincter.Annals of coloproctology · 2025Article
- Novel Anatomical Findings in Robot-Assisted Prostatectomy and Optimal Dissection Layer Selection for Preserving Urethral Support Structures.The Prostate · 2025Article
- Presence of smooth muscle continuous with the rectal and vaginal walls in the deep perineal space prompts reconsideration of the deep transverse perineal muscle.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Three-dimensional Analysis of the Distribution of Smooth and Skeletal Muscle Tissue Around the Female Urethra.International urogynecology journal · 2025Article
- MR imaging of penile pathology and prostheses.Abdominal radiology (New York) · 2025Review
- Significant relationship between musculoaponeurotic attachment of the abdominal and thigh adductor muscles to the pubis: implications for the diagnosis of groin pain.Anatomical science international · 2024Article
- Pelvic floor and perineal muscles: a dynamic coordination between skeletal and smooth muscles on pelvic floor stabilization.Anatomical science international · 2023Review
- Novel combination method of wide-range serial sectioning and 3D reconstruction visualizing both macro-level dynamics and micro-level interactions in an attempt to analyze the female pelvic floor.Anatomical science international · 2023Review
- Wound healing responses of urinary extravasation after urethral injury.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Anatomical basis for contribution of hip joint motion by the obturator internus to defaecation/urinary functions by the levator ani via the obturator fascia.Journal of anatomy · 2023Article
- Case Report: Bilateral syringocele in an adolescent-area of focus.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- Cowper's Syringocele: A Literature Review.Cureus · 2022Review
- Significance of the broad non-bony attachments of the anterior cruciate ligament on the tibial side.Scientific reports · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study presents the detailed anatomy of the Cowper's gland in humans. Elucidating the mechanism of secretion and emission of the Cowper's gland requires analysis of the muscles around the Cowper's gland. We hypothesized that the Cowper's gland involves not only smooth muscle but also the striated muscles of the pelvic floor. Here, we provide comprehensive and three-dimensional anatomy of the Cowper's gland and its surrounding structures, which overcomes the current local and planar understanding. In this study, seven male corpses of body donors were used to conduct macroscopic anatomy, histology, and three-dimensional reconstruction. The Cowper's gland was surrounded laterally and posterosuperiorly by striated and smooth muscles, respectively. The striated muscle bundle was connected from the superficial transverse perineal muscle, levator ani, and external anal sphincter to the external urethral sphincter (rhabdosphincter). The smooth muscle was part of the deep transverse perineal muscle and entered between the bilateral Cowper's glands and lobules. Our findings indicate that the secretion and emission of the Cowper's gland in humans are carried out through the cooperation of striated and smooth muscles.
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