ArticleNPJ Parkinson's disease2021
A non-invasive olfactory bulb measure dissociates Parkinson's patients from healthy controls and discloses disease duration.
Article in NPJ Parkinson's disease, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Olfactory proteomics reveals the capacity of the HDAC1 inhibitor pyroxamide to halt the α-synuclein preformed fibrils-induced damage in nasal epithelial, microglial and dopaminergic neuronal cell lines.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Noninvasive Electrophysiological Biomarkers of Olfactory Responses Across Cognitive States in Alzheimer Dementia: Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2026Article
- Case report of Parkinson's disease in isolated congenital anosmia with absent olfactory bulbs.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Gamma and beta oscillatory signatures of the human olfactory bulb encode odor valence and sampling.iScience · 2026Article
- Non-contact radiofrequency stimulation to the olfactory nerve of human subjects.APL bioengineering · 2025Article
- Alpha-synuclein pathology and Parkinson's disease-related olfactory dysfunctions: an update on preclinical models and therapeutic approaches.Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society · 2025Review
- Exploring the feasibility of olfactory brain-computer interfaces.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Digital biomarkers for non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: the state of the art.NPJ digital medicine · 2024Review
- Proteoform Analysis of the Human Olfactory System: A Window into Neurodegenerative Diseases.Proteomes · 2024Review
- Olfactory dysfunction and its related molecular mechanisms in Parkinson's disease.Neural regeneration research · 2024Review
- What Does the Human Olfactory System Do, and How Does It Do It?Annual review of psychology · 2024Review
- Differential functional change in olfactory bulb and olfactory eloquent areas in Parkinson's disease.Brain communications · 2024Article
- Subjective cognitive and olfactory impairments predict different prospective dementia outcomes.Chemical senses · 2024Article
- Reply to Matters Arising: Is congenital anosmia protective for Parkinson's disease triggered by pathogenic entrance through the nose?NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2023Article
- Parkinson's disease is characterized by sub-second resting-state spatio-oscillatory patterns: A contribution from deep convolutional neural network.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is a prevalent non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). This dysfunction is a result of neurodegeneration within the olfactory bulb (OB), the first processing area of the central olfactory system, and commonly precedes the characteristic motor symptoms in PD by several years. Functional measurements of the OB could therefore potentially be used as an early biomarker for PD. Here, we used a non-invasive method, so-called electrobulbogram (EBG), to measure OB function in PD and age-matched healthy controls to assess whether EBG measures can dissociate PDs from controls. We estimated the spectrogram of the EBG signal during exposure to odor in PD (n = 20) and age-matched controls (n = 18) as well as identified differentiating patterns of odor-related synchronization in the gamma, beta, and theta frequency bands. Moreover, we assessed if these PD-EBG components could dissociate PD from control as well as their relationship with PD characteristics. We identified six EBG components during the initial and later stages of odor processing which dissociated PD from controls with 90% sensitivity and 100% specificity with links to PD characteristics. These PD-EBG components were related to medication, disease duration, and severity, as well as clinical odor identification performance. These findings support using EBG as a tool to experimentally assess PD interventions, potentially aid diagnosis, and the potential development of EBG into an early biomarker for PD.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.