Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34407988›Full record

SynthesisBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2021

Cognitive stimulation in the workplace, plasma proteins, and risk of dementia: three analyses of population cohort studies.

Mika Kivimäki, Keenan A Walker, Jaana Pentti, Solja T Nyberg, Nina Mars, Jussi Vahtera, Sakari B Suominen, Tea Lallukka, Ossi Rahkonen, Olli Pietiläinen and 20 more

Open access · hybridAbstract readMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
56citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
7.8field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

56 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 86 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  8. The social environment and cognitive aging over the life course: laying out critical concepts and research gaps.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026
    Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

30 authors at 15 institutions in 6 countries.

Mika KivimäkiDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK m.kivimaki@ucl.ac.uk.ORCID 0000-0002-4699-5627
Keenan A WalkerDepartment of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Jaana PenttiClinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Solja T NybergClinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Nina MarsInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Jussi VahteraDepartment of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
Sakari B SuominenDepartment of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
Tea LallukkaClinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Ossi RahkonenClinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Olli PietiläinenClinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Aki KoskinenFinnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
Ari VäänänenFinnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
Jatinderpal K KalsiDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
Marcel GoldbergInserm UMS 011, Population-Based Epidemiological Cohorts Unit, Villejuif, France.
Marie ZinsInserm UMS 011, Population-Based Epidemiological Cohorts Unit, Villejuif, France.
Lars AlfredssonInstitute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Peter J M WesterholmDepartment of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Anders KnutssonDepartment of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden.
Töres TheorellStress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
Jenni ErvastiFinnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
Tuula OksanenInstitute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Pyry N SipiläClinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Adam G TabakDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
Jane E FerrieDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
Stephen A WilliamsSomaLogic, Boulder, CO, USA.
Gill LivingstonDivision of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK.
Rebecca F GottesmanDepartment of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Archana Singh-ManouxDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
Henrik ZetterbergDepartment of Neurodegenerative Disease and UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.
Joni V LindbohmDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
University of Helsinki · FIFinnish Institute of Occupational Health · FIInserm · FRJohns Hopkins University · USUniversity College London · GBUniversity of Turku · FIKarolinska Institutet · SEMid Sweden University · SESahlgrenska University Hospital · SESemmelweis University · HUSomaLogic (United States) · USStockholm University · SEUniversity of Bristol · GBUniversity of Eastern Finland · FIUppsala University · SE

Funding

Research Education ComponentP30AG066507 · NIA · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Corinne Pettigrew · 2020 to 2026
$29.3M
Identifying peripheral drivers of Alzheimers disease using plasma proteomicsZIAAG000349 · NIA · NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING · PI WALKER, KEENAN · 2021 to 2025
$2.7M
Medical Research Council MR/R024227/1Medical Research Council MR/S011676/1NIA NIH HHS P30 AG066507
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesTo examine the association between cognitively stimulating work and subsequent risk of dementia and to identify protein pathways for this association.

designMulticohort study with three sets of analyses.

settingUnited Kingdom, Europe, and the United States.

participantsThree associations were examined: cognitive stimulation and dementia risk in 107 896 participants from seven population based prospective cohort studies from the IPD-Work consortium (individual participant data meta-analysis in working populations); cognitive stimulation and proteins in a random sample of 2261 participants from one cohort study; and proteins and dementia risk in 13 656 participants from two cohort studies.

main outcome measuresCognitive stimulation was measured at baseline using standard questionnaire instruments on active versus passive jobs and at baseline and over time using a job exposure matrix indicator. 4953 proteins in plasma samples were scanned. Follow-up of incident dementia varied between 13.7 to 30.1 years depending on the cohort. People with dementia were identified through linked electronic health records and repeated clinical examinations.

resultsDuring 1.8 million person years at risk, 1143 people with dementia were recorded. The risk of dementia was found to be lower for participants with high compared with low cognitive stimulation at work (crude incidence of dementia per 10 000 person years 4.8 in the high stimulation group and 7.3 in the low stimulation group, age and sex adjusted hazard ratio 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.65 to 0.92, heterogeneity in cohort specific estimates I

conclusionsThe risk of dementia in old age was found to be lower in people with cognitively stimulating jobs than in those with non-stimulating jobs. The findings that cognitive stimulation is associated with lower levels of plasma proteins that potentially inhibit axonogenesis and synaptogenesis and increase the risk of dementia might provide clues to underlying biological mechanisms.

Indexed as

AgedAged, 80 and overBlood ProteinsDementiaEuropeFemaleHumansIncidenceMaleNeuropsychological TestsOccupational DiseasesOccupationsProportional Hazards ModelsProspective StudiesRisk FactorsSedentary BehaviorBlood Proteins

Identifiers

PMID34407988
PMCPMC8372196
OpenAlexW3195219680

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.