ArticleEmerging microbes & infections2021
High estradiol and low testosterone levels are associated with critical illness in male but not in female COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cohort study.
Article in Emerging microbes & infections, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Association of the androgens with COVID-19 prognostic outcomes: a systematic review.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Endogenous Sex Hormones Explain Variation in Long-Term SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Persistence Beyond Biological Sex.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Predictors of Severe Outcomes in COVID-19: Evidence from Real-World Multicenter Retrospective Study (2020-2024).Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Long-term trajectories of reproductive and pituitary-adrenal-thyroid hormones in young males following Omicron BA.2 infection: a two-year prospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Impact of COVID-19 on pituitary function: a cross-sectional study in southern Iran.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Article
- Critical illness and sex hormones: response and impact of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Review
- Correlation between SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody titers and the hormones DHEA, cortisol, testosterone, and progesterone.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Sex-specific biphasic alpha-synuclein response and alterations of interneurons in a COVID-19 hamster model.EBioMedicine · 2024Article
- Sex hormones in COVID-19 severity: The quest for evidence and influence mechanisms.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2024Review
- Metabolic predictors of COVID-19 mortality and severity: a survival analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- The International Virus Bioinformatics Meeting 2023.Viruses · 2023Article
- CYP19A1 mediates severe SARS-CoV-2 disease outcome in males.Cell reports. Medicine · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 and male infertility: from short- to long-term impacts.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2023Review
- Viruses, bacteria and parasites: infection of the male genital tract and fertility.Basic and clinical andrology · 2023Review
- The Complex Interplay between Serum Testosterone and the Clinical Course of Coronavirus Disease 19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Preclinical Evidence.The world journal of men's health · 2023Review
- Gender Differences in Response to COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination.Biomedicines · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
25 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Male sex was repeatedly identified as a risk factor for death and intensive care admission. However, it is yet unclear whether sex hormones are associated with disease severity in COVID-19 patients. In this study, we analysed sex hormone levels (estradiol and testosterone) of male and female COVID-19 patients (
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.