Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34402538›Full record

ArticleJournal of advanced nursing2022

Hospital nurses' moral distress and mental health during COVID-19.

Eileen T Lake, Aliza M Narva, Sara Holland, Jessica G Smith, Emily Cramer, Kathleen E Fitzpatrick Rosenbaum, Rachel French, Rebecca R S Clark, Jeannette A Rogowski

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of advanced nursing, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 103 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
103citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
4.1field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

103 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.

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  4. Guideline
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  6. Magnet Recognition, Leadership Responsiveness, and Nurse Moral Distress: A Multilevel Mediation Analysis.Journal of nursing scholarship : an official publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing · 2026
    Observational
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43 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.

Eileen T LakeCenter for Health Outcomes and Policy Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8823-3436
Aliza M NarvaPenn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Sara HollandPenn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Jessica G SmithUniversity of Texas - Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4769-1905
Emily CramerUniversity of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
Kathleen E Fitzpatrick RosenbaumCenter for Health Outcomes and Policy Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3290-1765
Rachel FrenchCenter for Health Outcomes and Policy Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Rebecca R S ClarkCenter for Health Outcomes and Policy Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Jeannette A RogowskiThe Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
California University of Pennsylvania · USPenn Center for AIDS Research · USPennsylvania State University · USThe University of Texas at Arlington · USUniversity of Kansas Medical Center · USUniversity of Pennsylvania · US

Funding

ADVANCED TRAINING IN NURSING OUTCOMES RESEARCHT32NR007104 · NINR · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI JACQUELINE MARGO BROOKS CARTHON, EILEEN T LAKE · 1999 to 2026
$11.6M
NINR NIH HHS T32 NR007104NINR NIH HHS T32NR007104
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsTo explore factors associated with nurses' moral distress during the first COVID-19 surge and their longer-term mental health.

designCross-sectional, correlational survey study.

methodsRegistered nurses were surveyed in September 2020 about their experiences during the first peak month of COVID-19 using the new, validated, COVID-19 Moral Distress Scale for Nurses. Nurses' mental health was measured by recently experienced symptoms. Analyses included descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Outcome variables were moral distress and mental health. Explanatory variables were frequency of COVID-19 patients, leadership communication and personal protective equipment/cleaning supplies access. The sample comprised 307 nurses (43% response rate) from two academic medical centres.

resultsMany respondents had difficulty accessing personal protective equipment. Most nurses reported that hospital leadership communication was transparent, effective and timely. The most distressing situations were the transmission risk to nurses' family members, caring for patients without family members present, and caring for patients dying without family or clergy present. These occurred occasionally with moderate distress. Nurses reported 2.5 days each in the past week of feeling anxiety, withdrawn and having difficulty sleeping. Moral distress decreased with effective communication and access to personal protective equipment. Moral distress was associated with longer-term mental health.

conclusionPandemic patient care situations are the greatest sources of nurses' moral distress. Effective leadership communication, fewer COVID-19 patients, and access to protective equipment decrease moral distress, which influences longer-term mental health. IMPACT: Little was known about the impact of COVID-19 on nurses' moral distress. We found that nurses' moral distress was associated with the volume of care for infected patients, access to personal protective equipment, and communication from leaders. We found that moral distress was associated with longer-term mental health. Leaders should communicate transparently to decrease nurses' moral distress and the negative effects of global crises on nurses' longer-term mental health.

Indexed as

COVID-19NursesCross-Sectional StudiesHospitalsHumansMental HealthMoralsSARS-CoV-2Surveys and QuestionnairescommunicationCOVID-19leadershipmanagementmental healthmoral distressnursespandemicspersonal protective equipmentsurveys

Identifiers

PMID34402538
PMCPMC8447301
OpenAlexW3192417065

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.