ArticleDiabetologia2021
Association of maternal diabetes during pregnancy with high refractive error in offspring: a nationwide population-based cohort study.
Article in Diabetologia, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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16 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Screening-detected refractive errors in infants born after assisted reproductive technology: a prospective cohort study.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2026Article
- Whole-exome sequencing for the genetic diagnosis of early-onset high myopia and associated hereditary eye disorders.BMC medical genomics · 2026Article
- The association between maternal blood lipid trajectory and offspring preschool myopia in prospective and nested case‒control analyses.Lipids in health and disease · 2026Article
- Maternal diabetes mellitus during pregnancy as a risk factor for strabismus and refractive errors in the offspring-A large-scale national study.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Refractive Errors, Amblyopia Risk, and Prenatal Factors in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of general medicine · 2026Article
- Ocular Microvascular Changes in Offspring Born to Mothers With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Nanjing Eye Study.Translational vision science & technology · 2025Article
- Ophthalmic Changes in the Offspring of Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or Diabetes Mellitus - A Systematic Review.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Review
- Maternal Hypertensive Disorder in Pregnancy and Childhood Strabismus in Offspring.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Case report: ocular manifestations of a gain-of-function mutation inOphthalmic genetics · 2024Article
- Article
- Sardinian Infants of Diabetic Mothers: A Metabolomics Observational Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Observational
- Evaluation of Hypertensive Disorder of Pregnancy and High Refractive Error in Offspring During Childhood and Adolescence.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Childhood diabetes mellitus and early-onset kidney diseases later in life: a nationwide population-based matched cohort study.BMC medicine · 2022Article
- Association of maternal diabetes during pregnancy with visual acuity development in offspring: a prospective cohort study.Acta diabetologica · 2022Article
- Metabolomic profiles and microbiota of GDM offspring: The key for future perspective?Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Review
- Maternal Dietary Betaine Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders and Gut Microbiota Alterations in Mouse Dams and Offspring From Young to Adult.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aims/hypothesisWe aimed to investigate the associations between maternal diabetes before or during pregnancy and the risk of high refractive error (RE) in offspring until the age of 25 years.
methodsThis nationwide register-based cohort study comprised 2,470,580 individuals born in 1977-2016. The exposure was maternal diabetes during or before pregnancy (type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes). Cox regression was used to examine the association between maternal diabetes and the risk of high RE in offspring from birth until the age of 25 years, adjusting for multiple potential confounders.
resultsDuring up to 25 years of follow-up, 553 offspring of mothers with diabetes and 19,695 offspring of mothers without diabetes were diagnosed with high RE. Prenatal exposure to maternal diabetes was associated with a 39% increased risk of high RE: HR 1.39 (95% CI 1.28, 1.51), p < 0.001; standardised cumulative incidence in unexposed offspring at 25 years of age 1.18% (95% CI 1.16%, 1.19%); cumulative incidence difference 0.72% (95% CI 0.51%, 0.94%). The elevated risks were observed for hypermetropia (HR 1.37 [95% CI 1.24, 1.51], p < 0.001), myopia (HR 1.34 [95% CI 1.08, 1.66], p = 0.007) and astigmatism (HR 1.58 [95% CI 1.29, 1.92], p < 0.001). The increased risks were more pronounced among offspring of mothers with diabetic complications (HR 2.05 [95% CI 1.60, 2.64], p < 0.001), compared with those of mothers with diabetes but no diabetic complications (HR 1.18 [95% CI 1.02, 1.37], p = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationOur findings suggest that maternal diabetes during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of high RE in offspring, in particular among those of mothers with diabetic complications. Early ophthalmological screening should be recommended in offspring of mothers with diabetes diagnosed before or during pregnancy.
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