Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34401725›Full record

ArticleKidney medicine

Patient Awareness of CKD: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Patient-Oriented Questions and Study Setting.

Chi D Chu, Michael H Chen, Charles E McCulloch, Neil R Powe, Michelle M Estrella, Michael G Shlipak, Delphine S Tuot

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Kidney medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
57citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
8.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

57 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 87 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Guideline
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. National Prevalence, Regional Distribution, and Risk Factors for CKD in Taiwan.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2026
    Article
  6. Preventable Hospitalizations and Kidney Care.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2026
    Review
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Effect of Finerenone on Morbidity and Mortality in CKD.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2026
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Observational
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Review
  19. Trends in Co-morbid Dementia and Chronic Kidney Disease.Journal of general internal medicine · 2025
    Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Chi D ChuDepartment of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
Michael H ChenMinerva Schools at Keck Graduate Institute, San Francisco, CA.
Charles E McCullochDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco.
Neil R PoweDepartment of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
Michelle M EstrellaKidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
Michael G ShlipakKidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
Delphine S TuotDepartment of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
University of California, San Francisco · USSan Francisco General Hospital · USKeck Graduate Institute · US

Funding

Evaluating the Impact of Guidelines on Physician Prescription Practices in Chronic Kidney DiseaseF32DK122629 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI CHU, CHI · 2019 to 2020
$157k
NIDDK NIH HHS F32 DK122629
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

RATIONALE &

objectivePatient awareness of disease is the first step toward effective management and disease control. Awareness of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has consistently been shown to be low, but studies estimating patient awareness of CKD have used different methods. We sought to determine whether the estimated prevalence of CKD awareness differed by the wording used to ascertain awareness or by setting characteristics. STUDY

designSystematic review and meta-analysis. SETTING & STUDY POPULATIONS: Adults with CKD not receiving dialysis. SELECTION CRITERIA FOR STUDIES: We included studies that estimated CKD awareness, determined CKD status by laboratory criteria, and provided the exact question wording used to ascertain awareness. DATA EXTRACTION: 2 reviewers independently extracted data for each study; discordance was resolved by a third independent reviewer. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Mixed-effects models were used to calculate pooled CKD awareness estimates and 95% CIs.

results32 studies were included. Publication year ranged from 2004 to 2017, with study populations ranging from 107 to 28,923 individuals. CKD awareness in individual studies ranged from 0.9% to 94.0%. Pooled CKD awareness was 19.2% (95% CI, 10.0%-33.6%) overall and was 26.5% (95% CI, 11.9%-48.9%) among individuals with an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m LIMITATIONS: Significant heterogeneity across studies overall and among examined subgroups of wording and study setting.

conclusionsDifferently worded questions may lead to widely different estimates of CKD awareness. Consistent terminology is likely needed to most effectively surveil and leverage CKD awareness to improve management and disease control.

Indexed as

Chronic kidney diseaseCKD awarenessknowledgemeta-analysisreview

Identifiers

PMID34401725
PMCPMC8350814
OpenAlexW3167692519

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.