ArticleMayo Clinic proceedings. Innovations, quality & outcomes2021
Risk Factors for Premature Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 77 Studies.
Article in Mayo Clinic proceedings. Innovations, quality & outcomes, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Inclusion of Rurality and Social Determinants of Health in Documents for the Primary Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review.Metabolic syndrome and related disorders · 2024Pooled it
- Association of the Triglyceride-Glucose Index with Premature Myocardial Infarction in a Propensity Score-Matched Non-Diabetic Population.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Nicotine-containing products and the cardiovascular system: mechanisms and global health implications.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Metabolic risk factors associated with premature myocardial infarction in adults ≤ 35 years: a case-control study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Apolipoprotein E ɛ3/ɛ4 genotype is associated with premature myocardial infarction: a hospital based retrospective study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Current status of premature myocardial infarction research in China: a systematic review and international comparative perspective.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Muscle Wasting and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in COPD: Implications for Patient Management.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Association between Renal Function and the Incidence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes 1 Year After the First Acute Myocardial Infarction.Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia · 2025Article
- Age at menarche and risk of premature coronary artery disease: results from Iran premature coronary disease (IPAD) study.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2025Article
- Effect of Premature Acute Coronary Syndrome on Ocular Hemodynamics.International journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- The mitochondrial dysfunction, alongside the modifiable burden of traditional risk factors, drives the development of early-onset coronary artery disease.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Plasma proteome and incident myocardial infarction: sex-specific differences.European heart journal · 2024Article
- Article
- Monitoring of traditional atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease risk factors - is it enough to prevent premature acute coronary syndrome?The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2024Article
- The association between metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance with risk of cardiovascular events in different states of cardiovascular health status.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2024Article
- CYP2C19 Poor Metabolizer Status and High System Inflammation Response Index are Independent Risk Factors for Premature Myocardial Infarction: A Hospital-Based Retrospective Study.International journal of general medicine · 2024Article
- Night shift work characteristics and risk of incident coronary heart disease among health care workers: national cohort study.International journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Prevalent Variants in the LDLR Gene Impair Responsiveness to Rosuvastatin among Family Members of Patients with Premature Myocardial Infarction.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- Risk Prediction Models for Hospital Mortality in General Medical Patients: A Systematic Review.American journal of medicine open · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate the magnitude of the association between risk factors and premature myocardial infarction (MI) (men aged 18-55 years; women aged 18-65 years). PATIENTS AND
methodsWe searched MEDLINE and other databases from inception through April 30, 2020, as well as bibliography of articles selected for data extraction. We selected observational studies reporting the magnitude of the association of at least 1 risk factor (demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, clinical risk factors, or biomarkers) with premature MI and a control group. Pooled risk estimates (random effects) from all studies unadjusted and adjusted for risk factors were reported as summary odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs.
resultsFrom 35,320 articles of 12.7 million participants, we extracted data on 19 risk factors from 77 studies across 58 countries. Men had a higher risk of premature MI (OR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.71 to 3.35) than did women. Family history of cardiac disease was associated with a higher risk of premature MI (OR, 2.67; 95% CI, 2.29 to 3.27). Major modifiable risk factors associated with higher risk were current smoking (OR, 4.34; 95% CI, 3.68 to 5.12 vs no/former), diabetes mellitus (OR, 3.54; 95% CI, 2.69 to 4.65), dyslipidemia (OR, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.76 to 4.91), and hypertension (OR, 2.85; 95% CI, 2.48 to 3.27). Higher body mass index carried higher risk (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.24 to 1.71 for ≥25 kg/m
conclusionMajor risk factors for premature MI are mostly amenable to patient, population, and policy level interventions. Mild elevations in body mass index and triglyceride levels were associated with higher risk, which has implications for the growing worldwide epidemic of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.