Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34400687›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2021

Investigating differences in village-level heterogeneity of malaria infection and household risk factors in Papua New Guinea.

Desmond Gul, Daniela Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Elma Nate, Alma Auwan, Mary Salib, Lina Lorry, John B Keven, Michelle Katusele, Jason Rosado, Natalie Hofmann and 11 more

Open access · goldAbstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
18citing papers in PubMed
3.9field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

18 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.

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  6. Population genetics ofFrontiers in genetics · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

21 authors at 9 institutions in 5 countries.

Desmond GulBurnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
Daniela Rodríguez-RodríguezSwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
Elma NatePapua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea.
Alma AuwanPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea.
Mary SalibPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea.
Lina LorryPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea.
John B KevenPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea.
Michelle KatuselePapua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea.
Jason RosadoUnit of Malaria: Parasites and Hosts, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
Natalie HofmannSwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
Maria Ome-KaiusPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea.
Cristian KoepfliUniversity of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
Ingrid FelgerSwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
James W KazuraCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Manuel W HetzelSwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
Ivo MuellerWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.
Stephan KarlJames Cook University, Cairns, Australia.
Archie C A ClementsCurtin University, Perth, Australia.
Freya J I FowkesBurnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
Moses LamanPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea.
Leanne J RobinsonBurnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia. leanne.robinson@burnet.edu.au.
Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research · PGSwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute · CHBurnet Institute · AUCase Western Reserve University · USInstitut Pasteur · FRJames Cook University · AUThe Kids Research Institute Australia · AUUniversity of Notre Dame · USWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research · AU

Funding

TransmissionU19AI089686 · NIAID · CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY · PI ZIMMERMAN, PETER A. · 2010 to 2016
$9.9M
Understanding, tracking and eliminating malaria transmission in the Asia - Pacific RegionU19AI129392 · NIAID · WALTER AND ELIZA HALL INST MEDICAL RES · PI Ivo J Mueller, Leanne Robinson · 2017 to 2026
$7.1M
NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI089686NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI129392Wellcome TrustWorld Health Organization WCCPRD4426109
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Malaria risk is highly heterogeneous. Understanding village and household-level spatial heterogeneity of malaria risk can support a transition to spatially targeted interventions for malaria elimination. This analysis uses data from cross-sectional prevalence surveys conducted in 2014 and 2016 in two villages (Megiar and Mirap) in Papua New Guinea. Generalised additive modelling was used to characterise spatial heterogeneity of malaria risk and investigate the contribution of individual, household and environmental-level risk factors. Following a period of declining malaria prevalence, the prevalence of P. falciparum increased from 11.4 to 19.1% in Megiar and 12.3 to 28.3% in Mirap between 2014 and 2016, with focal hotspots observed in these villages in 2014 and expanding in 2016. Prevalence of P. vivax was similar in both years (20.6% and 18.3% in Megiar, 22.1% and 23.4% in Mirap) and spatial risk heterogeneity was less apparent compared to P. falciparum. Within-village hotspots varied by Plasmodium species across time and between villages. In Megiar, the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of infection could be partially explained by household factors that increase risk of vector exposure, such as collecting outdoor surface water as a main source of water. In Mirap, increased AOR overlapped with proximity to densely vegetated areas of the village. The identification of household and environmental factors associated with increased spatial risk may serve as useful indicators of transmission hotspots and inform the development of tailored approaches for malaria control.

Indexed as

Age DistributionCoinfectionConstruction MaterialsCross-Sectional StudiesDisease ReservoirsDrinking WaterEcosystemFamily CharacteristicsFemaleHealth SurveysHumansMalariaMalaria, FalciparumMalaria, VivaxMaleMosquito NetsDrinking Water

Identifiers

PMID34400687
PMCPMC8367982
OpenAlexW3194600862

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.