ReviewNPJ vaccines2021
Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action.
Review in NPJ vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 230 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
230 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 385 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of post-COVID-19 vaccination in oral cavity: a systematic review.Evidence-based dentistry · 2024Pooled it
- COVID-19 vaccination and menstrual disorders among women: Findings from a meta-analysis study.Journal of infection and public health · 2023Pooled it
- Safety and Immunogenicity of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spike Subunit Vaccine Stabilized in the Prefusion Conformation by a Second-Generation Molecular Clamp and Evaluated in Adults Aged 18-55 Years: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active Comparator, Phase I Trial.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain and N-Terminal Domain mRNA Vaccine.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Comparative effectiveness of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines against COVID-19.BMC medicine · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Vaccinology in the twenty-first century revisited.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Nanoparticle Engineering in Modern Vaccinology: From Delivery Platforms to Immune-Programming Architectures.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- An adenoviral-vectored vaccine protects mice against aerosol challenge with Yersinia pestis.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 spike protein exerts an anti-cancer effect in A549 cells in association with MEG3 and BCYRN1 regulation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Predicting the evolution and persistence of COVID-19 using context-dependent polymorphisms.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Conformational dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 spike on a membrane reveals the allosteric effects of furin cleavage and the D614G mutation.Science advances · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Spike IgG Subclass Titres in a Population with Prior Exposure to Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA).Toxics · 2026Article
- Targeting a malaria merozoite surface protein with mRNA vaccine generates multifunctional antibodies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response in Healthcare Workers: Benefit of Prior Infection and Heterologous Boosting on Anti-Spike IgG Immunity.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Observational
- An RGD motif on SARS-CoV-2 Spike induces TGF-β signaling and downregulates interferon.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Essential role of CD56Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- The early impact of COVID-19 vaccines on major events in cardiac, pulmonary, and thromboembolic disease: a population-based study.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2025Article
- Comprehensive and translational pathobiology of COVID-19 based on cellular and molecular techniques.Practical laboratory medicine · 2025Review
- Accelerated cGMP production of near-native HIV-1 Env trimers following electroporation transfection and immunogenicity analysis.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
170 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines were developed with an unprecedented pace since the beginning of the pandemic. Several of them have reached market authorization and mass production, leading to their global application on a large scale. This enormous progress was achieved with fundamentally different vaccine technologies used in parallel. mRNA, adenoviral vector as well as inactivated whole-virus vaccines are now in widespread use, and a subunit vaccine is in a final stage of authorization. They all rely on the native viral spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 for inducing potently neutralizing antibodies, but the presentation of this key antigen to the immune system differs substantially between the different categories of vaccines. In this article, we review the relevance of structural modifications of S in different vaccines and the different modes of antigen expression after vaccination with genetic adenovirus-vector and mRNA vaccines. Distinguishing characteristics and unknown features are highlighted in the context of protective antibody responses and reactogenicity of vaccines.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.