ArticleFluids and barriers of the CNS2021
Impact of sex differences on thrombin-induced hydrocephalus and white matter injury: the role of neutrophils.
Article in Fluids and barriers of the CNS, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Role of Choroid Plexus in Hydrocephalus from the Perspective of Structure and Function: a Therapeutic Target.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Early transcriptional and cellular abnormalities in choroid plexus of a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2025Article
- Mechanisms of hydrocephalus after intraventricular haemorrhage: a review.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2024Review
- One immune cell to bind them all: platelet contribution to neurodegenerative disease.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2024Review
- Correction: impact of sex differences on thrombin‑induced hydrocephalus and white matter injury: the role of neutrophils.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2024Article
- Attenuation of ventriculomegaly and iron overload after intraventricular hemorrhage by membrane attack complex inhibition.Journal of neurosurgery · 2024Article
- Choroid plexus immune cell response in murine hydrocephalus induced by intraventricular hemorrhage.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2024Article
- Transporters, Ion Channels, and Junctional Proteins in Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Therapeutic strategies to recover ependymal barrier after inflammatory damage: relevance for recovering neurogenesis during development.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Review
- Iron homeostasis and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus: a review.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Review
- The Fate of Erythrocytes after Cerebral Hemorrhage.Translational stroke research · 2022Review
- Targeting choroid plexus epithelium as a novel therapeutic strategy for hydrocephalus.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2022Review
- The Two Faces of Estrogen in Experimental Hemorrhagic Stroke.Translational stroke research · 2022Article
- A timeline of oligodendrocyte death and proliferation following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2022Article
- Mechanisms of neuroinflammation in hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage: a review.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2022Review
- Comparison of Sex Differences in Outcomes of Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- Sex-Associated Differences in Neurovascular Dysfunction During Ischemic Stroke.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThrombin has been implicated in playing a role in hydrocephalus development following intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). However, the mechanisms underlying the sex differences to the detrimental effects of thrombin post-IVH remain elusive.
methodThree-month old male and female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent unilateral intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of 3U or 5U thrombin, or saline, to examine differences in thrombin-induced hydrocephalus and white matter injury. Mortality, and lateral ventricle volume and white matter injury were measured on magnetic resonance imaging evaluation at 24 h post-injection. In addition, male rats were pretreated with 17-β estradiol (E2, 5 mg/kg) or vehicle at 24 and 2 h prior to ICV injection of 3U thrombin. All rats were euthanized at 24 h post-injection for histology and immunohistochemistry.
resultsICV injection of 5U thrombin caused 100 and 0% mortality in female and male rats, respectively. 3U of thrombin resulted in significant ventricular dilation and white matter damage at 24 h in both male and female rats, but both were worse in females (p < 0.05). Furthermore, neutrophil infiltration into choroid plexus and periventricular white matter was enhanced in female rats and may play a critical role in the sex difference in brain injury. Pre-treating male rats with E2, increased thrombin (3U)-induced hydrocephalus, periventricular white matter injury and neutrophil infiltration into the choroid plexus and white matter.
conclusionsICV thrombin injection induced more severe ventricular dilation and white matter damage in female rats compared to males. Estrogen appears to contribute to this difference which may involve greater neutrophil infiltration in females. Understanding sex differences in thrombin-induced brain injury may shed light on future interventions for hemorrhagic stroke.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.