ReviewThe Journal of infectious diseases2021
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis: Immune Evasion Mechanisms and Pathogenic Disease Pathways.
Review in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 98 citations in OpenAlex.
- Preconception Chlamydia trachomatis seropositivity and fecundability, live birth, and adverse pregnancy outcomes.Fertility and sterility · 2025Trial
- Wnt/Notch Crosstalk Promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition DuringMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Global, Regional, and National Burden of Infertility Attributable to Sexually Transmitted Infections From 1990 to 2021, With Projections to 2050.Maternal-fetal medicine (Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.) · 2026Article
- Heavy metals and prevalence of sexually transmitted infections: a cross-sectional study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2016.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Beyond Inflammation: A Comprehensive Outlook on the Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Treatment of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.International journal of general medicine · 2026Review
- Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections and associated risk factors among pregnant women and key populations in Kenya: A multi-centre cross-sectional study.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Global, Regional, and National Burden of Female Infertility Attributable to Chlamydia Infections, 1990-2023: An Analysis Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Metabolic reprogramming, macrophage polarization, and intercellular crosstalk in pelvic inflammatory disease: emerging paradigms and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Polymicrobial PID Presenting as Primary Peritonitis in a Young Immunocompetent Patient-Case Report and Disease Perspectives.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Global research landscape and trends of single-cell sequencing in sexually transmitted infections: a comprehensive bibliometric analysis from 2015 to 2025.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2026Article
- Nutrition in the prevention and treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease: a review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Current methods and mechanisms for animal models of pelvic inflammatory disease: a review.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Review
- First Study on Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Molecular Epidemiology ofInfection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- Vaginal Microbiota Dysbiosis and Infections: A Comprehensive Review of Microbial and Therapeutic Perspectives.International journal of women's health · 2026Review
- Epidemiology of Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum in males of andrology clinics in Nanjing, China: a 10 years retrospective study.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Gut-reproduction axis: a new perspective on understanding pelvic inflammatory disease.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting ectopic pregnancy in patients receiving double fresh cleavage stage embryo transfer.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Microbial regulators of physiological and reproductive health in women of reproductive age: their local, proximal and distal regulatory roles.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2025Review
- Interactive Effect of C-Reactive Protein upon the Relationship BetweenDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- UnveilingiScience · 2025Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) results from ascension of sexually transmitted pathogens from the lower genital tract to the uterus and/or fallopian tubes in women, with potential spread to neighboring pelvic organs. Patients may present acutely with lower abdominal or pelvic pain and pelvic organ tenderness. Many have subtle symptoms or are asymptomatic and present later with tubal factor infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or chronic pelvic pain. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis are the 2 most commonly recognized PID pathogens. Their ability to survive within host epithelial cells and neutrophils highlights a need for T-cell-mediated production of interferon γ in protection. Data indicate that for both pathogens, antibody can accelerate clearance by enhancing opsonophagocytosis and bacterial killing when interferon γ is present. A study of women with N. gonorrhoeae- and/or C. trachomatis-induced PID with histologic endometritis revealed activation of myeloid cell, cell death, and innate inflammatory pathways in conjunction with dampening of T-cell activation pathways. These findings are supported by multiple studies in mouse models of monoinfection with N. gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia spp. Both pathogens exert multiple mechanisms of immune evasion that benefit themselves and each other at the expense of the host. However, similarities in host immune mechanisms that defend against these 2 bacterial pathogens instill optimism for the prospects of a combined vaccine for prevention of PID and infections in both women and men.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.