ReviewThe Journal of infectious diseases2021
A Review of the Challenges and Complexities in the Diagnosis, Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathogenesis of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.
Review in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- The efficacy of acupuncture and related treatments on chronic pelvic inflammatory disease: a network meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Acupuncture therapies for relieving pain in pelvic inflammatory disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- ZY5301 Tablet vs Placebo for Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Pain After Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Novel inflammatory indices compared with CRP for diagnosing pelvic inflammatory disease: a case-control study.BMC women's health · 2026Article
- Inverse Association Between Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index and Prevalence of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Among Women: A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES 2013-2018.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Hip pain level variation in female femoroacetabular impingement syndrome patients in menstrual cycle.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2026Article
- PreconceptionmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Salpingitis in Non-Sexually Active Girls: Clinical Spectrum and Diagnostic Clues from a Pediatric Cohort.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Current methods and mechanisms for animal models of pelvic inflammatory disease: a review.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Review
- Global and Regional Impact of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Females Across All Age Groups (1990-2021) with Projections to 2046: Findings from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Acupuncture Combined with Herbal Cake-Separated Moxibustion for Chronic Pelvic Pain in Sequelae of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of pain research · 2026Article
- AFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Long-Term Dynamics of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Attributable toInternational journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Limited Role ofObstetrics and gynecology international · 2026Article
- Metabolic reprogramming, macrophage polarization, and intercellular crosstalk in pelvic inflammatory disease: emerging paradigms and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Beyond Inflammation: A Comprehensive Outlook on the Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Treatment of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.International journal of general medicine · 2026Review
- Global, Regional and National Burden of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Trend Projections and Health Inequality Analysis, 1990-2021.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Global, Regional, and National Impact of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Changing Landscape from 1990 to 2021.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: A Narrative Review of Disparities Between Black and White Women in the United States and Strategies for Improvement.Journal of patient-centered research and reviews · 2026Review
- Non-Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)-Related Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID).Microorganisms · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a syndrome that causes substantial morbidity, including chronic pelvic pain, to women globally. While limited data are available from low- and middle-income countries, national databases from the United States and Europe suggest that PID incidence may be decreasing but the rate of decrease may differ by the etiologic cause. Recent studies of women with PID have reported that fewer than half of women receiving a diagnosis of PID have gonococcal or chlamydial infection, while Mycoplasma genitalium, respiratory pathogens, and the constellation of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis may account for a substantial fraction of PID cases. The clinical diagnosis of PID is nonspecific, creating an urgent need to develop noninvasive tests to diagnose PID. Advances in serologic testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae could advance epidemiologic studies, while the development of vaccines against these sexually transmitted pathogens could affect incident PID and associated morbidity.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.