ArticleJAC-antimicrobial resistance2021
Outpatient antibiotic use in British Columbia, Canada: reviewing major trends since 2000.
Article in JAC-antimicrobial resistance, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Academic Detailing Interventions and Evidence-Based Prescribing: A Systematic Review.JAMA network open · 2025Pooled it
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- Outpatient Antibiotic Dispensing Trends Across Canadian Provinces, 2012-2022: A Population-Based Descriptive Study.Cureus · 2026Article
- Appropriateness and determinants of outpatient antibiotic use among migrants in British Columbia, Canada: a population-based study.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2026Article
- National retrospective study of regional prescriber-specific variation in community antibiotic prescribing Canada, 2019-2023.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Overview of Methods for Assessing Antimicrobial Use in Outpatient Settings in High-Income Countries: A Narrative Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Canadian municipal wastewater and biosolids: occurrence, fate, and time trends 2010-2013 to 2022.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2025Article
- Quality of Antibiotic Prescribing for Outpatient Cystitis in Adult Females.Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada = Journal officiel de l'Association pour la microbiologie medicale et l'infectiologie Canada · 2024Article
- Impact analysis of infant antibiotic exposure on the burden of asthma: a simulation modeling study.Frontiers in allergy · 2024Article
- Association between antibiotic usage during infancy and asthma incidence among children: a population-level ecological study in British Columbia, Canada.Frontiers in allergy · 2024Article
- Quality of antibiotic prescribing for pediatric community-acquired Pneumonia in outpatient care.BMC pediatrics · 2023Article
- Retrospective Cohort Analysis of Outpatient Antibiotic Use forThe Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2023Article
- A Time Series Analysis Evaluating Antibiotic Prescription Rates in Long-Term Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Alberta and Ontario, Canada.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Appropriateness of Outpatient Antibiotic Use in Seniors across Two Canadian Provinces.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Quantifying the Gap between Expected and Actual Rates of Antibiotic Prescribing in British Columbia, Canada.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Assessing the Validity of Electronic Medical Records for Identifying High Antibiotic Prescribers in Primary Care.Journal of primary care & community healthArticle
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Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWith 90% of all antibiotics in Canada being used in the community setting, tracking outpatient prescribing is integral to mitigate the issue of antimicrobial resistance. In 2005, a provincial programme was launched in British Columbia (BC) to disseminate information regarding the judicious use of antibiotics. These efforts include educational campaigns, updated practitioner guidelines and academic detailing. The impact of provincial stewardship on community prescribing requires ongoing evaluation.
objectivesThis study examines outpatient prescribing to quantify rates of antibiotic use, evaluate major trends over time and identify new targets for stewardship.
methodsA retrospective cohort design using population-level data.
resultsThis study included over 3.5 million unique individuals with a total of 51 367 938 oral antibiotic prescriptions dispensed over a 19 year period (2000-18). Overall antibiotic utilization decreased by 23% over the course of the study period. This trend in the reduction of antibiotic prescription was observed across all major antibiotic classes, apart from the class of other antibacterials, which was mostly related to use of nitrofurantoin. The largest magnitudes of decreased prescribing were observed in the paediatric population. Prescribing across two distinct eras of provincial stewardship reaffirmed preliminary findings of programme efficacy, when compared with pre-stewardship levels of antibiotic use.
conclusionsOutpatient prescribing in BC is decreasing overall, and this study confirms an association between provincial stewardship interventions and improvements in antibiotic use. Pronounced declines in paediatric populations are promising, and further research is underway to examine prescribing quality.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.