ArticleEmerging adulthood (Print)2021
The Associations Between Internalized Racism, Racial Identity, and Psychological Distress.
Article in Emerging adulthood (Print), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trauma, discrimination, and intimate partner violence: intergenerational pathways in racially minoritized communities.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2026Article
- Online Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Suicidal Ideation, and Alcohol Misuse Among Ethnoracially Minoritized College Students: The Roles of Internalized Racism and Ethnic Identity.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Can Mindfulness-Based Interventions Be Used to Treat PTSD-derived GI Disruptions in Black Women? A Review of Current Literature.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Review
- Beyond the Strong Black Woman: the Protective Role of Black Identity Centrality against Depression in Young Black Women.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Measurement of Racial Microaggressions During Pregnancy and While Receiving Prenatal Care: a Validation Study of the Daily Life Experiences Scale Among Black Postpartum Women.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Labeling in a California Latinx community: public health implications for youth and role in community narratives.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Why should we be concerned by internalised racism in global health?BMJ global health · 2025Review
- Skin tone - a marker of bias known as colorism - in relation to sleep health among African American women.SSM - population health · 2025Article
- Adverse childhood experiences and multisite pain among adolescents in the United States.Pain reports · 2025Article
- Ethnic Identity Protects and Internalized Racism Harms Health and Coping in Asian Americans Following COVID-19 Discrimination: A Mixed-Methods Study.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- "I want to lift my people up": Exploring the psychological correlates of racial themes within the life stories of midlife Black Americans.Journal of personality · 2025Article
- Validating the Black Identity, Hair Product Use, and Breast Cancer Scale (BHBS) Among Black Breast Cancer Survivors.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Everywhere and every day: the impact of navigating racialization on Black German children's mental health.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Associations between perceived discrimination over the life course, subjective social status, and health literacy: A racial/ethnic stratification analysis.PEC innovation · 2024Article
- Internalized Racism and Mental Health: The Moderating Role of Collective Racial Self-Esteem.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Initial Development and Validation of the Brief Internalized Heterosexist Racism Scale for Gay and Bisexual Black Men: A Measure of Internalized Heterosexist Racism.Archives of sexual behavior · 2024Article
- Social Determinants of Health Screening in Type 1 Diabetes Management.Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America · 2024Review
- National Institutes of Health R-series Grants portfolio of racism and healthcare, 2017-2022.BMC public health · 2023Article
- "My young life, finished already?": a qualitative study of embedded social stressors and their effects on mental health of low-wage male migrant workers in Singapore.Globalization and health · 2023Article
- Patients' Perspectives on Race and the Use of Race-Based Algorithms in Clinical Decision-Making: a Qualitative Study.Journal of general internal medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Internalized racism, or the acceptance of negative stereotypes about one's own racial group, is associated with psychological distress; yet, few studies have explored the longitudinal impact of internalized racism on the psychological well-being of African American emerging adults. Furthermore, racial identity's role as a protective factor in the context of internalized racism remains unclear. This study examined the longitudinal impact of internalized racism on psychological distress (depressive and anxiety symptoms) and the moderating role of racial identity beliefs among 171 African American emerging adults. Full cross-lagged panel models revealed no main effects of internalized racism beliefs on psychological distress. However, several racial identity beliefs moderated the relationship between internalized racism beliefs and changes in psychological distress over a year later. Initial levels of alteration of physical appearance, internalization of negative stereotypes, and hair change internalized racism beliefs were related to subsequent psychological distress, but only for those with certain levels of racial centrality, private regard, public regard, and assimilationist, humanist, and nationalist ideology beliefs. These findings suggest that, over time, internalized racism and racial identity beliefs can combine to influence the psychological well-being of African American emerging adults.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.