ArticleBJU international2022
Incidence of testicular cancer in trans women using gender-affirming hormonal treatment: a nationwide cohort study.
Article in BJU international, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Urological care for sexual and gender minorities: a narrative review toward equitable care.Current opinion in urology · 2026Review
- The Burden of Genitourinary Malignancies in Southeast Asia from 1990 to 2021.European urology oncology · 2025Article
- Oncological needs in transgender patients.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2025Review
- Emerging and accumulating safety signals for the use of estrogen among transgender women.Discover mental health · 2025Review
- Article
- Review
- Incidental testicular germ cell tumor in a transgender woman: A case report.Urology case reports · 2024Article
- Implications of hormonal carcinogenesis for transgender and gender-diverse people undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy: an up-to-date review.BMJ oncology · 2024Review
- Gender-affirming hormonal therapy for transgender and gender-diverse people-A narrative review.Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology · 2023Review
- Article
- Understanding the role of sex hormones in cancer for the transgender community.Trends in cancer · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo assess the incidence of testicular cancer in trans women (male sex assigned at birth, female gender identity) using gender-affirming hormonal treatment. PATIENTS AND
methodsData of trans women starting hormonal treatment at our gender identity clinic between 1972 and 2017 were linked to the national pathology database to obtain testicular cancer diagnoses. The standardised incidence ratio (SIR) was calculated using the number of observed testicular cancer cases in our cohort and the number of expected cases based on age-specific Dutch incidence rates. Subgroup analyses were performed in testicular tissues sent for histopathological analysis at the time of bilateral orchidectomy, and when follow-up exceeded 5 years.
resultsThe cohort consisted of 3026 trans women with a median follow-up time of 2.3 interquartile range (IQR) (1.6-3.7) years. Two testicular cancer cases were identified whilst 2.4 cases were expected (SIR 0.8, 95% confidence interval 0.1-2.8). In addition, one testicular cancer case was encountered in an orchidectomy specimen (0.1%). In the 523 trans women with a follow-up time of >5 years (median [IQR] 8.9 [6.4-13.9] years), no testicular cancer was observed.
conclusionTesticular cancer risk in trans women is similar to the risk in cis men. The testicular cancer cases occurred within the first 5 years after commencing hormonal treatment, and the percentage of cases encountered at the time of bilateral orchidectomy was low. As no testicular cancer was observed in trans women with a long follow-up period, long-term hormonal treatment does not seem to increase testicular cancer risk.
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