ReviewJournal of periodontology2021
The "oral" history of COVID-19: Primary infection, salivary transmission, and post-acute implications.
Review in Journal of periodontology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Morphological and tissue-based molecular characterization of oral lesions in patients with COVID-19: A living systematic review.Archives of oral biology · 2022Pooled it
- A randomized, controlled, feasibility study of RD-X19 in subjects with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in the outpatient setting.Clinical and translational science · 2022Trial
- Biological Plausibility Between Long-COVID and Periodontal Disease Development or Progression.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Oral hygiene influence on the incidence and severity of oral manifestations in Coronavirus Disease 2019.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Viral infection and antiviral immunity in the oral cavity.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces salivary gland dysfunction and immune infiltration in C57BL/6 mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Screening Commercial Tea for Rapid Inactivation of Infectious SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva.Food and environmental virology · 2024Article
- Pathological changes in oral epithelium and the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors, ACE2 and furin.PloS one · 2024Article
- COVID-19 on Oral Health: A New Bilateral Connection for the Pandemic.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Article
- Biogeographical Impacts of Dental, Oral, and Craniofacial Microbial Reservoirs.Journal of dental research · 2023Review
- Oral and systemic health: is there a "new" link with COVID-19?Clinical oral investigations · 2023Review
- The need for integrated research autopsies in the era of precision oral medicine.Journal of the American Dental Association (1939) · 2023Review
- Diagnostic performance of the AAP/EFP classification and the CDC/AAP case definition among pregnant women and a practical screening tool for maternal periodontal diseases.Journal of periodontal research · 2022Article
- Imaging viral infection in vivo to gain unique perspectives on cellular antiviral immunity.Immunological reviews · 2022Review
- Pathogenic Mechanism and Multi-omics Analysis of Oral Manifestations in COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- The "oral" history of COVID-19: Primary infection, salivary transmission, and post-acute implications.Journal of periodontology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Severe acute respiratorysyndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, has led to more than 3.25 million recorded deaths worldwide as of May 2021. COVID-19 is known to be clinically heterogeneous, and whether the reported oral signs and symptoms in COVID-19 are related to the direct infection of oral tissues has remained unknown. Here, we review and summarize the evidence for the primary infection of the glands, oral mucosae, and saliva by SARS-CoV-2. Not only were the entry factors for SARS-CoV-2 found in all oral tissues, but these were also sites of SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication. Furthermore, saliva from asymptomatic individuals contained free virus and SARS-CoV-2-infected oral epithelial cells, both of which were found to transmit the virus. Collectively, these studies support an active role of the oral cavity in the spread and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition to maintaining the appropriate use of personal protective equipment and regimens to limit microbial spread via aerosol or droplet generation, the dental community will also be involved in co-managing COVID-19 "long haulers"-now termed Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome. Consequently, we propose that, as SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread and as new clinical challenges related to COVID-19 are documented, oral symptoms should be included in diagnostic and prognostic classifications as well as plans for multidisciplinary care.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.