ArticleEuropean journal of clinical investigation2021
Racial and ethnic inequities in the early distribution of U.S. COVID-19 testing sites and mortality.
Article in European journal of clinical investigation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effectiveness of a COVID-19 Testing Outreach Intervention for Latinx Communities: A Cluster Randomized Trial.JAMA network open · 2022Trial
- Employment type and non-compliance with SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing: insights from a nationwide seroprevalence study in South Korea.BMJ open · 2026Article
- How Many Veteran COVID-19 Cases Were There during the Pandemic?Journal of medical virology · 2026Article
- Factors Associated with COVID-19 Testing in Structurally Vulnerable Populations: An Exploratory Study in Southern Maine.Journal of Maine Medical Center · 2026Article
- Balancing access, precision, and equity in adaptive test site allocation with an application to COVID-19 in Atlanta, Georgia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Spatial and demographic heterogeneity in excess mortality in the United States, 2020-2023: a multimodel approach.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- A policy roadmap for sustainable mass-testing.Health affairs scholar · 2025Article
- Reaffirming DEI as a central value of JCM.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2025Article
- Association of race, ethnicity, and housing stability with COVID-19 testing method by investigators in underserved populations 2020-2023.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Community utilization of a co-created COVID-19 testing program in a US/Mexico border community.BMC public health · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 serosurvey across multiple waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City between 2020-2023.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Lessons From COVID-19 Testing Research: The Power of Rapid Response.American journal of public health · 2024Article
- Health Behavior and Attitudes During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Vulnerable and Underserved Latinx in the Southwest USA.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2024Article
- Excess Mortality in the United States, 2020-21: County-level Estimates for Population Groups and Associations with Social Vulnerability.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Genetic risk prediction in Hispanics/Latinos: milestones, challenges, and social-ethical considerations.Journal of community genetics · 2023Review
- Evolution of COVID-19 Health Disparities in Arizona.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2023Article
- Vaccine hesitancy and the willingness to recommend the COVID-19 vaccine to children in a rural country on the United States-Mexico border.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- COVID-19: Implications for Nursing and Health Care in the United States.Journal of nursing scholarship : an official publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing · 2023Article
- Use of COVID-19 testing in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic among cohorts of people at the intersection of drug use and HIV.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2022Article
- Feasibility of At-Home Serial Testing Using Over-the-Counter SARS-CoV-2 Tests With a Digital Smartphone App for Assistance: Longitudinal Cohort Study.JMIR formative research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn 2020, early U.S. COVID-19 testing sites offered diagnostic capacity to patients and were important sources of epidemiological data about the spread of the novel pandemic disease. However, little research has comprehensively described American testing sites' distribution by race/ethnicity and sought to identify any relation to known disparities in COVID-19 outcomes.
methodsLocations of U.S. COVID-19 testing sites were gathered from 16 April to 28 May 2020. Geographic testing disparities were evaluated with comparisons of the demographic makeup of zip codes around each testing site versus Monte Carlo simulations, aggregated to statewide and nationwide levels. State testing disparities were compared with statewide disparities in mortality observed one to 3 weeks later using multivariable regression, controlling for confounding disparities and characteristics.
resultsNationwide, COVID-19 testing sites geographically overrepresented White residents on 7 May, underrepresented Hispanic residents on 16 April, 7 May and 28 May and overrepresented Black residents on 28 May compared with random distribution within counties, with new sites added over time exhibiting inconsistent disparities for Black and Hispanic populations. For every 1 percentage point increase in underrepresentation of Hispanic populations in zip codes with testing, mortality among the state's Hispanic population was 1.04 percentage points more over-representative (SE = 0.415, p = .01).
conclusionsAmerican testing sites were not distributed equitably by race during this analysis, often underrepresenting minority populations who bear a disproportionate burden of COVID-19 cases and deaths. With an easy-to-implement measure of geographic disparity, these results provide empirical support for the consideration of access when distributing preventive resources.
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