Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34390233›Full record

ArticleJournal of biomedical optics2021

Segmentation of the urothelium in optical coherence tomography images with dynamic contrast.

Zhuo Xu, Hui Zhu, Hui Wang

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of biomedical optics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. The Stalk Sign in Bladder Cancer: CEUS Versus MRI.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Journal of biomedical optics · 2025
    Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Review
  8. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Zhuo XuMiami University, Department of Chemical, Paper, and Biomedical Engineering, Oxford, Ohio, United States.
Hui ZhuUrology Section Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Cleveland, Ohio, United States.
Hui WangMiami University, Department of Chemical, Paper, and Biomedical Engineering, Oxford, Ohio, United States.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

significanceSpeckle variation induced by intracellular motion (IM) in the urothelium was observed in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. IM can be used as a dynamic contrast to segment the urothelium by comparing two sequential OCT images. This method opens the possibility of specifically tracking the distribution of urothelial cancerous cells for identifying the microinvasion of bladder tumors. APPROACH: OCT images were acquired ex vivo with fresh porcine bladder tissue. IM was analyzed by tracking speckle variation using autocorrelation function, then quantified with constrained regularization method for inverting data (CONTIN method) to identify the decorrelation time (DT) of the speckle variations. Variance analysis was also conducted to show IM amplitude and distribution in the urothelium. The segmentation of the urothelium was demonstrated with OCT images with a visible urothelial layer and OCT images with an invisible urothelial layer.

resultsSignificant speckle variation induced by IM was observed in the urothelium. However, the distribution of the IM is heterogeneous. The DTs are mostly concentrated between 1 and 30 ms. With the IM as a dynamic contrast, the urothelium can be accurately and exclusively segmented, even the urothelial layer is invisible in normal OCT images.

conclusionsIM can be used as a dynamic contrast to exclusively track urothelial cell distribution. This contrast may provide a new mechanism for OCT to image the invasion depth and pattern of urothelial cancerous cells for accurately substaging of bladder cancer.

Indexed as

Urinary Bladder NeoplasmsUrotheliumAnimalsSwineTomography, Optical Coherencebladder cancerdynamic contrastintracellular motionoptical coherence tomographyspeckleurothelium

Identifiers

PMID34390233
PMCPMC8363479

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.