ArticleBMJ open2021
COVID-19-related stigma and its influencing factors: a nationwide cross-sectional study during the early stage of the pandemic in China.
Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- The scar that takes time to heal: A systematic review of COVID-19-related stigma targets, antecedents, and outcomes.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Pooled it
- Anti-stigma campaign: the COVID-19 stigma and associated factors among Chinese young students.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Association between psychological distress and mental help-seeking intentions in international students of national university of Singapore: a mediation analysis of mental health literacy.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Perceived stigma of COVID-19 patients in Shanghai, China, in the third year of the pandemic: a cross-sectional social impact survey.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Gender differences in COVID-19 knowledge, risk perception, and public stigma among the general community: Findings from a nationwide cross-sectional study in India.International journal of disaster risk reduction : IJDRR · 2023Article
- Mediating role of resilience in the relationship between COVID-19 related stigma and mental health among COVID-19 survivors: a cross-sectional study.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2023Article
- A systematic review on the cultural factors associated with stigma during pandemics.Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.) · 2023Article
- Beyond physical health: the role of psychosocial challenges and stigma in tackling the COVID-19 pandemic-A scoping review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Social stigma during COVID-19: A systematic review.SAGE open medicine · 2023Review
- The Role of Social and Cultural Values in Pandemic Control in a Chinese Community: An Ethnographic Study on the Construction and Stigmatization of "Others" in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and COVID-19 in Hong Kong.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Experienced stigma and applied coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: a mixed-methods study.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Association between Social Engagements and Stigmatization of COVID-19 Infection among Community Population in Japan.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Disparities and Factors Associated with Coronavirus Disease-2019-Related Public Stigma: A Cross-Sectional Study in Thailand.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Stigmatizing Attitudes Toward COVID-19 Among Patients, Their Relatives and Healthy Residents in Zhangjiajie.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Stigma toward people with COVID-19 among Bangladeshi older adults.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Factors associated with COVID-19 stigma during the onset of the global pandemic in India: A cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Stigma toward people with COVID-19 among the Lebanese population: a cross-sectional study of correlates and mediating effects.BMC psychology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo describe the situation of COVID-19-related stigma towards patients with COVID-19 and people from the city of Wuhan in China and to assess the associations between COVID-19-related stigma, health literacy and sociodemographic characteristics during March 2020, the early stage of the pandemic.
designA cross-sectional online survey.
settingThe study surveyed 31 provinces in China.
participantsThis study surveyed 5039 respondents in China. OUTCOME MEASURES: Public stigma towards both patients with COVID-19 and Wuhan residents was measured. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with public COVID-19-related stigma.
resultsAmong the participants, 122 (2.4%) reported themselves and 254 (5.0%) reported the communities they lived in as holding a stigmatising attitude towards patients with COVID-19, respectively. Additionally, 114 (2.5%) and 475 (10.3%) reported that themselves and the communities they lived in, respectively, held a stigma against people from Wuhan, which was the most severely affected area in China. People aged over 40, lived in areas with severe epidemics (adjusted OR (aOR)=2.03, 95% CI (1.05 to 3.92)) and who felt it difficult to find and understand information about COVID-19 (aOR=1.91, 95% CI (1.08 to 3.37); aOR=1.88, 95% CI (1.08 to 3.29)) were more likely to stigmatise patients with COVID-19. People who were male, aged 41-50 and had difficulty understanding information (aOR=2.08, 95% CI (1.17 to 3.69)) were more likely to stigmatise people from Wuhan.
conclusionsPatients with COVID-19 and Wuhan residents suffered stigma at both the individual and the community levels. Those who had low health literacy, who lived in areas with a large number of COVID-19 cases and who were of ethnic minorities were more likely to stigmatise others. Tailored interventions are encouraged to improve health literacy and consequently to reduce public COVID-19-related stigma.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.