ArticleNutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)
The association between serum levels of micronutrients and the severity of disease in patients with COVID-19.
Article in Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Association Between Antioxidants and COVID-19 Outcomes: a Systematic Review on Observational Studies.Biological trace element research · 2023Pooled it
- The Associations of Iron Related Biomarkers with Risk, Clinical Severity and Mortality in SARS-CoV-2 Patients: A Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Circulating trace elements status in COVID-19 disease: A meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Serum zinc level independently predicts need for inpatient intubation among patients hospitalized with COVID-19: A prospective observational study.Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2026Observational
- Association between serum vitamins and COVID-19 infection: a cross-sectional study of healthcare workers in a Nigerian tertiary hospital.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- The Role of Vitamins, Magnesium, and Trace Elements in COVID-19 Treatment and Post-COVID-19 Rehabilitation: An Updated Overview.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Review
- Magnesium Is a Vital Ion in the Body-It Is Time to Consider Its Supplementation on a Routine Basis.Clinics and practice · 2024Review
- Article
- The association between dietary intakes of zinc, vitamin C and COVID-19 severity and related symptoms: A cross-sectional study.Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2023Article
- Importance of Magnesium Status in COVID-19.Biology · 2023Review
- Involvement of epigenetics in affecting host immunity during SARS-CoV-2 infection.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease · 2023Review
- Relationship between Plasma Levels of Zinc and Magnesium with the Treatment Process and Mortality Risk in COVID-19 Patients.Tanaffos · 2023Article
- The Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use for the Purpose of COVID-19 Prevention in Japan.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Effects of nutrients on immunomodulation in patients with severe COVID-19: Current knowledge.World journal of critical care medicine · 2022Review
- Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: An Observational Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2022Observational
- Gustatory and Saliva Secretory Dysfunctions in COVID-19 Patients with Zinc Deficiency.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Article
- Higher Intake of Dietary Magnesium Is Inversely Associated With COVID-19 Severity and Symptoms in Hospitalized Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Can Maintaining Optimal Magnesium Balance Reduce the Disease Severity of COVID-19 Patients?Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThis study aimed to compare the serum level of micronutrients with normal amounts, and assess their association with the severity of disease and inflammatory cytokines in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
methodsThe present cross-sectional study included 60 patients admitted to the intensive care unit with COVID-19. We recorded data on demographic characteristics, anthropometric information, and medical history. Serum levels of inflammatory markers (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6), vitamins (A, B
resultsMedian patient age was 53.50 years (interquartile range, 12.75 years). Except for vitamin A and zinc, serum levels of other micronutrients were lower than the minimum normal. Patients with APACHE score ≥25 had a higher body mass index (P = 0.044), body temperature (P = 0.003), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P = 0.008), C-reactive protein (P = 0.003), and lower oxygen saturation (P = 0.005), serum levels of vitamin D (P = < 0.001), and zinc (P = < 0.001) compared with patients with APACHE score <25. We found that lower serum levels of vitamin D, magnesium, and zinc were significantly and independently associated with higher APACHE scores (P = 0.001, 0.028, and < 0.001, respectively) and higher lung involvement (P = 0.002, 0.045, and < 0.001, respectively).
conclusionsLower serum levels of vitamin D, zinc, and magnesium were involved in severe COVID-19.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.