ArticleJournal of medical virology2021
Vaccination versus infection with SARS-CoV-2: Establishment of a high avidity IgG response versus incomplete avidity maturation.
Article in Journal of medical virology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of early COVID-19 treatment with convalescent plasma on antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Trial
- SARS-CoV-2 Exposure Elicits a Strong Mucosal Antibody Response That May Facilitate Quicker Mucosal Viral Clearance.Viruses · 2026Article
- Anti-spike IgG Avidity Enhances Neutralization of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A Prospective Study of Primary Infections and Immunizations.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Human immune response to primary cryptosporidiosis parallels murine infection models.Infection and immunity · 2026Article
- Longitudinal assessment of MPXV-specific IgG avidity in patients with Mpox infection.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Evaluation of plasma anti-CS3 and anti-LTB IgG avidity among Zambian children vaccinated with ETVAX.PloS one · 2026Article
- Article
- A Prospective Study of Immune Response After COVID-19 or Vaccination and Correlation Between Avidity Index and Neutralizing Capacity.Advances in virology · 2025Article
- In-depth immunochemical characterization of the serum antibody response using a dual-titration microspot assay.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Avidity maturation of anti-spike IgG after vaccination in COVID-19 convalescent vs COVID-19 naïve patients.APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica · 2025Article
- Avidity maturation of humoral response following primary and booster doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine among nursing home residents and healthcare workers.GeroScience · 2024Article
- An unexpected IgE anti-receptor binding domain response following natural infection and different types of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal IgG mass fraction by isotope dilution mass spectrometry.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2024Article
- Binding and Avidity Signatures of Polyclonal Sera From Individuals With Different Exposure Histories to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection, Vaccination, and Omicron Breakthrough Infections.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 IgG Spike antibody levels and avidity in natural infection or following vaccination with mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2 vaccines.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Article
- Article
- Humoral Immunity of Unvaccinated COVID-19 Recovered vs. Naïve BNT162b2 Vaccinated Individuals: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- The quantity and quality of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies show contrariwise association with COVID-19 severity: lessons learned from IgG avidity.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2023Article
- Understanding the challenges to COVID-19 vaccines and treatment options, herd immunity and probability of reinfection.Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · 2023Review
- Oral Immunization withBiomolecules · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Avidity is defined as the binding strength of immunoglobulin G (IgG) toward its target epitope. Avidity is directly related to affinity, as both processes are determined by the best fit of IgG to epitopes. We confirm and extend data on incomplete avidity maturation of IgG toward severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleoprotein (NP), spike protein-1 (S1), and its receptor-binding domain (RBD) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. In SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, an initial rise in avidity maturation was ending abruptly, leading to IgG of persistently low or intermediate avidity. Incomplete avidity maturation might facilitate secondary SARS-CoV-2 infections and thus prevent the establishment of herd immunity. Incomplete avidity maturation after infection with SARS-CoV-2 (with only 11.8% of cases showing finally IgG of high avidity, that is, an avidity index > 0.6) was contrasted by regular and rapid establishment of high avidity in SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals after two vaccination steps with the BioNTech messenger RNA (mRNA) Vaccine (78% of cases with high avidity). One vaccination step was not sufficient for induction of complete avidity maturation in vaccinated SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals, as it induced high avidity only in 2.9% of cases within 3 weeks. However, one vaccination step was sufficient to induce high avidity in individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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