ArticlePsychological science2021
Disproportionate School Punishment and Significant Life Outcomes: A Prospective Analysis of Black Youths.
Article in Psychological science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Disciplinary behaviour management strategies in schools and their impact on student psychosocial outcomes: A systematic review.NIHR open research · 2024Pooled it
- Teacher Discipline Intensity and Adolescents' Mental Health Problems: A Moderated Moderation Effect Based on CEPS 2013-2014 Survey Data.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Patterns of adolescent perceived social support and inflammation in adulthood within major racial groups: Findings from a longitudinal, nationally representative sample.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2023Article
- A scalable empathic-mindset intervention reduces group disparities in school suspensions.Science advances · 2022Article
- Resilience and Family Socialization Processes in Ethnic Minority Youth: Illuminating the Achievement-Health Paradox.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This study tested relationships between racial inequalities in the school system-specifically, the disproportionate punishment of Black students-and life outcomes for Black youths, along with moderating psychological factors. In an 18-year longitudinal study of 261 Black youths (ages 11-29), we investigated whether adult life outcomes varied as a function of adolescent self-control and academic achievement. We tested whether relationships were moderated by the racial climates of the high schools that youths attended, using administrative data on relative punishment rates of Black and White students. Among Black youths who attended schools that disproportionately punished Black students, high self-control in early adolescence presaged higher academic orientation in late adolescence, which in turn predicted higher educational attainment, higher income, and better mental health in adulthood. However, among these same youths, higher academic orientation forecasted higher adult insulin resistance, a key process in cardiometabolic disease. These findings suggest that achieving successes in life in the face of racial inequalities may come at a physical health cost for Black youths.
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Registered trials
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