Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34386754›Full record

ArticleEClinicalMedicine2021

Global burden of upper respiratory infections in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019.

Xuting Jin, Jiajia Ren, Ruohan Li, Ya Gao, Haoying Zhang, Jiamei Li, Jingjing Zhang, Xiaochuang Wang, Gang Wang

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in EClinicalMedicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 193 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
193citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
32.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

193 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 310 citations in OpenAlex.

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  2. Global meta-analysis of short-term associations between ambient temperature and pathogen-specific respiratory infections, 2004 to 2023.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025
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  4. Chinese medicineFrontiers in pharmacology · 2024
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133 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Xuting JinDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 Xi 5 Lu, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
Jiajia RenDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 Xi 5 Lu, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
Ruohan LiDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 Xi 5 Lu, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
Ya GaoDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 Xi 5 Lu, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
Haoying ZhangDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 Xi 5 Lu, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
Jiamei LiDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 Xi 5 Lu, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
Jingjing ZhangDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 Xi 5 Lu, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
Xiaochuang WangDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 Xi 5 Lu, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
Gang WangDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 Xi 5 Lu, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University · CN

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundUpper respiratory infections (URIs) are among the most common diseases. However, the related burden has not been comprehensively evaluated. Thus, we designed the present study to describe the global and regional burden of URIs from 1990 to 2019.

methodsA secondary analysis was performed on the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of URIs in different sex and age groups, from 21 geographic regions, 204 countries and territories, between 1990 and 2019, using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Countries and territories were categorized according to Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles.

findingsGlobally, the incident cases of URIs reached 17·2 (95% uncertainty interval: 15·4 to 19·3) billion in 2019, which accounted for 42·83% (40·01% to 45·77%) cases from all causes in the GBD 2019 study. The age-standardized incidence rate remained stable from 1990 to 2019, while significant decreases were found in the mortality and DALY rate. The highest age-standardized incidence rates from 1990 to 2019 and the highest age-standardized DALY rates after 2011 were observed in high SDI regions. Among all the age groups, children under five years old suffered from the highest incidence and DALY rates, both of which were decreased with increasing age. Fatal consequences of URIs occurred mostly in the elderly and children under five years old.

interpretationThe present study provided comprehensive estimates of URIs burden for the first time. Our findings, highlighting the substantial incidence and considerable DALYs due to URIs, are expected to attract more attention to URIs and provide future explorations in the prevention and treatment with epidemiological evidence.

fundingThe study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81770057).

Indexed as

EpidemiologyGlobal burden of diseaseIncidenceMortalityRespiratory tract infections

Identifiers

PMID34386754
PMCPMC8343248
OpenAlexW3174780411

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.