ReviewFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology2021
Development and Delivery Systems of mRNA Vaccines.
Review in Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 77 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 120 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unraveling Cardiovascular Risks and Benefits of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Review.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2025Pooled it
- Respiratory mucosal immunity: Biological functions, diseases, prevention and therapy.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- Comprehensive Analytical Characterization of mRNA Influenza Vaccine Under Stress Conditions: Implications for Stability and Quality Control.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Article
- Respiratory mucosal vaccines for emerging viruses: promise and challenges.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for targeted mRNA therapeutics: a paradigm shift in mRNA delivery for biomedical applications.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- Transdermal Delivery of an mRNA-Liposome Vaccine via Dissolving Microneedle to Preserve Vaccine Activity and Enhance Immune Activation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- mRNA-based melanoma vaccines targeting gp100 and TRP2 macromolecules.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Transforming therapeutics through biomaterials: A comprehensive insight into biomaterials' role in effective drug delivery and healthcare advancement.Biomaterials translational · 2026Review
- A Comprehensive Review of Vaccine Development: From Traditional Platforms to Messenger RNA (mRNA) Technologies.Cureus · 2026Review
- Target, silence, replace: a review on RNA-based drugs in modern medicine.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- mRNA vaccines for gastrointestinal cancers: a paradigm shift in treatment.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- A binary self-amplifying expression platform enabling lipid nanoparticle-free vaccines and nanomedicines.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Bivalent Oral Vaccine Using AttenuatedVaccines · 2025Article
- Trends and Commonalities of Approved and Late Clinical-Phase RNA Therapeutics.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- mRNA vaccines and SiRNAs targeting cancer immunotherapy: challenges and opportunities.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- A capless hairpin-protected mRNA vaccine encoding the full-length Influenza A hemagglutinin protects mice against a lethal Influenza A infection.Gene therapy · 2025Article
- Characterization of intact mRNA-based therapeutics by charge detection mass spectrometry and mass photometry.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2025Article
- AgainstToxins · 2025Review
- Nasal vaccines for respiratory infections.Nature · 2025Review
- Emerging Frontiers in Colorectal Cancer Therapy: From Targeted Molecules to Immunomodulatory Breakthroughs and Cell-Based Approaches.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2025Review
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, mRNA vaccine development has undergone a tremendous drive within the pharmaceutical field. In recent years, great progress has been made into mRNA vaccine development, especially in individualized tumor vaccines. mRNA vaccines are a promising approach as the production process is simple, safety profiles are better than those of DNA vaccines, and mRNA-encoded antigens are readily expressed in cells. However, mRNA vaccines also possess some inherent limitations. While side effects such as allergy, renal failure, heart failure, and infarction remain a risk, the vaccine mRNA may also be degraded quickly after administration or cause cytokine storms. This is a substantial challenge for mRNA delivery. However, appropriate carriers can avoid degradation and enhance immune responses, effector presentation, biocompatibility and biosafety. To understand the development and research status of mRNA vaccines, this review focuses on analysis of molecular design, delivery systems and clinical trials of mRNA vaccines, thus highlighting the route for wider development and further clinical trials of mRNA vaccines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.