ArticleScientific reports2021
Disgusting odours affect the characteristics of the Adaptive Force in contrast to neutral and pleasant odours.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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13 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- High prevalence of muscle stability deficits in semi-professional football players-Adaptive Force assessment reveals selective impairment of holding capacity with preserved maximal strength: A cross-sectional study.Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA · 2026Article
- Article
- An Empirical Study on the Effect of Blended Scents in Driving Environments From a Neuro-Cognitive Perspective.Brain and behavior · 2024Article
- Adaptive Force of hamstring muscles is reduced in patients with knee osteoarthritis compared to asymptomatic controls.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2024Article
- Another Way to Confuse Motor Control: Manual Technique Supposed to Shorten Muscle Spindles Reduces the Muscular Holding Stability in the Sense of Adaptive Force in Male Soccer Players.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- How to Confuse Motor Control: Passive Muscle Shortening after Contraction in Lengthened Position Reduces the Muscular Holding Stability in the Sense of Adaptive Force.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The Adaptive Force as a Potential Biomechanical Parameter in the Recovery Process of Patients with Long COVID.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Repeated measurements of Adaptive Force: Maximal holding capacity differs from other maximal strength parameters and preliminary characteristics for non-professional strength vs. endurance athletes.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- Emotional Imagery Influences the Adaptive Force in Young Women: Unpleasant Imagery Reduces Instantaneously the Muscular Holding Capacity.Brain sciences · 2022Article
- Case Study: Intra- and Interpersonal Coherence of Muscle and Brain Activity of Two Coupled Persons during Pushing and Holding Isometric Muscle Action.Brain sciences · 2022Article
- The 2022 On-site Padua Days on Muscle and Mobility Medicine hosts the University of Florida Institute of Myology and the Wellstone Center, March 30 - April 3, 2022 at the University of Padua and Thermae of Euganean Hills, Padua, Italy: The collection of abstracts.European journal of translational myology · 2022Article
- Case report: Individualized pulsed electromagnetic field therapy in a Long COVID patient using the Adaptive Force as biomarker.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The olfactomotor system is especially investigated by examining the sniffing in reaction to olfactory stimuli. The motor output of respiratory-independent muscles was seldomly considered regarding possible influences of smells. The Adaptive Force (AF) characterizes the capability of the neuromuscular system to adapt to external forces in a holding manner and was suggested to be more vulnerable to possible interfering stimuli due to the underlying complex control processes. The aim of this pilot study was to measure the effects of olfactory inputs on the AF of the hip and elbow flexors, respectively. The AF of 10 subjects was examined manually by experienced testers while smelling at sniffing sticks with neutral, pleasant or disgusting odours. The reaction force and the limb position were recorded by a handheld device. The results show, inter alia, a significantly lower maximal isometric AF and a significantly higher AF at the onset of oscillations by perceiving disgusting odours compared to pleasant or neutral odours (p < 0.001). The adaptive holding capacity seems to reflect the functionality of the neuromuscular control, which can be impaired by disgusting olfactory inputs. An undisturbed functioning neuromuscular system appears to be characterized by a proper length tension control and by an earlier onset of mutual oscillations during an external force increase. This highlights the strong connection of olfaction and motor control also regarding respiratory-independent muscles.
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