ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2022
Household Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in the United States: Living Density, Viral Load, and Disproportionate Impact on Communities of Color.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of disease severity, age, sex, comorbidity, and vaccination on secondary attack rates of SARS-CoV-2: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- The role of children in household transmission of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2022Pooled it
- Household Secondary Attack Rates of SARS-CoV-2 by Variant and Vaccination Status: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2022Pooled it
- Factors Associated With Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2021Pooled it
- Influenza mitigation recommendations, symptoms, and viral RNA shedding durations-2023-24 and 2024-25 seasons.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Roles of children, isolation measures and socioeconomic status in SARS-CoV-2 household transmission: a retrospective cohort study in a southern US city.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Symptom burden, viral load, and antibody response to ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain [D614G] in an outpatient household cohort.PloS one · 2026Article
- Social vulnerability and the risk of respiratory virus infection in households: a case-ascertained study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Toward Setting Minimum and Optimal Data to Report for Malaria Molecular Surveillance with Targeted Sequencing: The "What" and "Why".The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Article
- Associations of SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity with clinical symptoms and race/ethnicity: The household transmission study.PloS one · 2025Article
- Article
- SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a highly vulnerable population of Brazil: a household cohort study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2024Article
- Nanoparticle-Mediated Mucosal Vaccination: Harnessing Nucleic Acids for Immune Enhancement.Current microbiology · 2024Review
- Article
- Association of Socioeconomic Factors and Severity of Bronchiolitis Hospitalizations.Clinical pediatrics · 2024Article
- Risk Factors for Community and Intrahousehold Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Modeling in a Nationwide French Population-Based Cohort Study, the EpiCoV Study.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- High SARS-CoV-2 secondary infection rates in households with children in Georgia, United States, Fall 2020-Winter 2021.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Personal characteristics and transmission dynamics associated with SARS-CoV-2 semi-quantitative PCR test results: an observational study from Belgium, 2021-2022.Frontiers in public health · 2024Observational
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
23 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHouseholds are hot spots for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 transmission.
methodsThis prospective study enrolled 100 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and 208 of their household members in North Carolina though October 2020, including 44% who identified as Hispanic or non-White. Households were enrolled a median of 6 days from symptom onset in the index case. Incident secondary cases within the household were detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction of weekly nasal swabs (days 7, 14, 21) or by seroconversion at day 28.
resultsExcluding 73 household contacts who were PCR-positive at baseline, the secondary attack rate (SAR) among household contacts was 32% (33 of 103; 95% confidence interval [CI], 22%-44%). The majority of cases occurred by day 7, with later cases confirmed as household-acquired by viral sequencing. Infected persons in the same household had similar nasopharyngeal viral loads (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.45; 95% CI, .23-.62). Households with secondary transmission had index cases with a median viral load that was 1.4 log10 higher than those without transmission (P = .03), as well as higher living density (more than 3 persons occupying fewer than 6 rooms; odds ratio, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.02-10.9). Minority households were more likely to experience high living density and had a higher risk of incident infection than did White households (SAR, 51% vs 19%; P = .01).
conclusionsHousehold crowding in the context of high-inoculum infections may amplify the spread of COVID-19, potentially contributing to disproportionate impact on communities of color.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.