ReviewJournal of molecular evolution2021
Codon Usage Bias: An Endless Tale.
Review in Journal of molecular evolution, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comprehensive analysis of synonymous codon usage bias and evolutionary dynamics in the chloroplast genomes of eight Coptis species.Functional & integrative genomics · 2026Article
- Assembly and comparative analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Viola philippica (Malpighiales, Violaceae).Planta · 2026Article
- Complete chloroplast genomes of four Triumfetta species obtained from herbarium specimens: comparative analysis and identification of a synapomorphic inversion.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Complete Chloroplast Genome of Tree Fern Cyathea delgadii and Its Comparison to Other Cyatheales.Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
- Phylogenetic and genome-wide analysis of codon usage reveals geographic and host-specific adaptation in Vaccinia virus.Archives of virology · 2026Article
- Comparative analysis of mitochondrial genomes of Iris lactea reveals gene transfer and RNA-editing events.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Evolution and Functional Implications of Codon Usage Bias in Eukaryotes.Journal of molecular evolution · 2026Review
- The First Complete Mitochondrial Genome ofCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Analysis and comparison of chloroplast genome codon usage patterns in five accessions of Toxicodendron vernicifluum.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Article
- Mitochondrial genomes of Mentha reveal structural complexity and evolutionary diversity.Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG · 2026Article
- Article
- Comprehensive analysis of chloroplast codon usage patterns in the important medicinal genusFrontiers in plant science · 2026Article
- The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis ofFrontiers in plant science · 2026Article
- Mitogenome assembly and phylogenetic relationships ofFrontiers in plant science · 2026Article
- Patterns and drivers of genome-wide codon usage bias in the fungal order Sordariales.DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes · 2025Article
- Integrative genomic and machine learning approaches reveal evolutionary signatures in the winged bean mitochondrial genome.BMC plant biology · 2025Article
- Article
- The ORB2 RNA-binding protein negatively regulates its target transcripts during the Drosophila maternal-to-zygotic transition via its functionally conserved Zinc-binding 'ZZ' domain.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Codon Usage Bias Analysis in the Chloroplast Genome ofCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since the genetic code is degenerate, several codons are translated to the same amino acid. Although these triplets were historically considered to be "synonymous" and therefore expected to be used at rather equal frequencies in all genomes, we now know that this is not the case. Indeed, since several coding sequences were obtained in the late '70s and early '80s in the last century, coming from either the same or different species, it was evident that (a) each genome, taken globally, displayed different codon usage patterns, which means that different genomes display a particular global codon usage table when all genes are considered together, and (b) there is a strong intragenomic diversity: in other words, within a given species the codon usage pattern can (and usually do) differ greatly among genes in the same genome. These different patterns were attributed to two main factors: first, the mutational bias characteristic of each genome, which determines that GC- poor species display a general bias towards A/T codons while the reverse is true for GC- rich species. Second, the differences in codon usage among genes from the same species are due to natural selection acting at the level of translation, in such a way that highly expressed genes tend to use codons that match with the most abundant isoacceptor tRNAs. Thus, these genes are translated at a highest rate, which in turn leads to avoid the limiting factor in translation which is the number of available ribosomes per cell. Although these explanations are still valid, new factors are almost constantly postulated to affect codon usage. In this mini review, we shall try to summarize them.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.