ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2022
Familial co-aggregation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autoimmune diseases: a cohort study based on Swedish population-wide registers.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Myocarditis and coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination: A systematic review and meta-summary of cases.Biomolecules & biomedicine · 2023Pooled it
- Parental autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders as multiple risk factors for common neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Incidence and prevalence of autoimmune disease in the Swedish National Patient Register.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Associations of prenatal exposure to maternal autoimmune disorders with a wide spectrum of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring-a nationwide cohort study.Human reproduction open · 2026Article
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults: evidence base, uncertainties and controversies.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2025Article
- Immunological drivers and potential novel drug targets for major psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, and neurodegenerative conditions.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Review
- The Immune/Inflammatory Underpinnings of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome: A Scoping Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Increased prevalence of urticarial diseases and antihistamine/corticosteroid consumption in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.BMJ mental health · 2025Article
- The application of population data linkage to capture sibling health outcomes among children and young adults with neurodevelopmental conditions. A scoping review.International journal of population data science · 2025Article
- Somatic comorbidities and health related uncertainty among Swedish adolescents with ADHD.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Maternal pre-pregnancy and prenatal penicillin, neonatal inflammation and growth factors are associated to ADHD in the offspring.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Risk of Psychiatric Disorders in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Population- and Sibling-Controlled Cohort and Cross-Sectional Analyses.ACR open rheumatology · 2023Article
- Review
- Associations between Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder within Families: A Population-Based Cohort Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Chronic Pain and Psychiatric Conditions.Complex psychiatryReview
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with several autoimmune diseases (AD), both within individuals and across relatives, implying common underlying genetic or environmental factors in line with studies indicating that immunological mechanisms are key to brain development. To further elucidate the relationship between ADHD and autoimmunity we performed a population-wide familial co-aggregation study.
methodsWe linked Swedish national registries, defined a birth cohort with their biological relatives and identified individuals diagnosed with ADHD and/or 13 ADs. The cohort included 5 178 225 individuals born between 1960 and 2010, of whom 118 927 (2.30%) had been diagnosed with ADHD. We then investigated the associations between ADHD and ADs within individuals and across relatives, with logistic regression and structural equation modelling.
resultsWithin individuals, ADHD was associated with a diagnosis of any of the 13 investigated ADs (adjusted odds ratio (OR) =1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.30-1.38) as well as several specific ADs. Familial co-aggregation was observed. For example, ADHD was associated with any of the 13 ADs in mothers (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.26-1.32), fathers (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.11-1.18), full siblings (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.15-1.22), aunts (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.10-1.15), uncles (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.05-1.10) and cousins (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.03-1.06). Still, the absolute risks of AD among those with ADHD were low. The genetic correlation between ADHD and a diagnosis of any of the investigated ADs was 0.13 (95% CI = 0.09-0.17) and the environmental correlation was 0.02 (95% CI = -0.03-0.06).
conclusionsWe found that ADHD and ADs co-aggregate among biological relatives, indicating that the relationship between ADHD and autoimmune diseases may in part be explained by shared genetic risk factors. The patterns of familial co-aggregation of ADHD and ADs do not readily support a role of maternal immune activation in the aetiology of ADHD. The findings have implications for aetiological models of ADHD. However, screening for autoimmunity among individuals with ADHD is not warranted.
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