Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34376727›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2021

Disentangling predictive processing in the brain: a meta-analytic study in favour of a predictive network.

Linda Ficco, Lorenzo Mancuso, Jordi Manuello, Alessia Teneggi, Donato Liloia, Sergio Duca, Tommaso Costa, Gyula Zoltán Kovacs, Franco Cauda

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
28citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Article
  4. Effort expectation and strategic cue use in visual search.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2026
    Article
  5. The Ventral Attention Network Mediates Attentional Reorienting to Cross-Modal Expectancy Violations: Evidence from EEG and fMRI.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Hippocampal mismatch signals are based on episodic memories and not schematic knowledge.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. The Anterior Insula Engages in Feature- and Context-Level Predictive Coding Processes for Recognition Judgments.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025
    Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Linda FiccoFocuslab, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. linda.ficco@uni-jena.de.
Lorenzo MancusoFocuslab, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
Jordi ManuelloFocuslab, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
Alessia TeneggiFocuslab, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
Donato LiloiaFocuslab, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
Sergio DucaGCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital and Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
Tommaso CostaFocuslab, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
Gyula Zoltán KovacsDepartment of Biological Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
Franco CaudaFocuslab, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

According to the predictive coding (PC) theory, the brain is constantly engaged in predicting its upcoming states and refining these predictions through error signals. Despite extensive research investigating the neural bases of this theory, to date no previous study has systematically attempted to define the neural mechanisms of predictive coding across studies and sensory channels, focussing on functional connectivity. In this study, we employ a coordinate-based meta-analytical approach to address this issue. We first use the Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) algorithm to detect spatial convergence across studies, related to prediction error and encoding. Overall, our ALE results suggest the ultimate role of the left inferior frontal gyrus and left insula in both processes. Moreover, we employ a meta-analytic connectivity method (Seed-Voxel Correlations Consensus). This technique reveals a large, bilateral predictive network, which resembles large-scale networks involved in task-driven attention and execution. In sum, we find that: (i) predictive processing seems to occur more in certain brain regions than others, when considering different sensory modalities at a time; (ii) there is no evidence, at the network level, for a distinction between error and prediction processing.

Indexed as

AlgorithmsAttentionBrainBrain MappingHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingMeta-Analysis as TopicNerve Net

Identifiers

PMID34376727
PMCPMC8355157

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.