ArticleBMJ open2021
A cross-sectional study on adaptation and initial validation of a test to evaluate health claims among high school students: Croatian version.
Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Critical Health Literacy Podcast to Counter Health Misinformation at Scale: Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2026Trial
- Sources of Oral Health Activities Among Croatian University Students-A Pilot Study.Dentistry journal · 2026Article
- Article
- Measurement of critical health literacy in primary school pupils: a Polish validation of the Claim Evaluation Tools.BMJ open · 2025Article
- The People's Review protocol: planning an innovative study powered by the public.Research involvement and engagement · 2025Review
- Critical thinking about health and treatments in the United States: a cross-sectional assessment of parents and undergraduate college students.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Evaluating health claim assessment skills of parents with preschool children: A cross-sectional study using Informed Health Choices Claim Evaluation Tool.Journal of global health · 2023Article
- Determinants of COVID Vaccination Willingness among Health and Non-Health Studies Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Evaluating student's ability to assess treatment claims: validating a German version of the Claim Evaluation Tools.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Piloting the informed health choices resources in Barcelona primary schools: A mixed methods study.PloS one · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesWe validated the Croatian version of the test using multiple-choice questions (MCQs) from the Claim Evaluation Tools item bank of the Informed Health Choices project, and measured the ability of high school students to appraise health claims.
setting16 high schools from the urban agglomeration of the city of Split, Croatia.
participantsFinal year high school students of at least 18 years of age.
interventions18 MCQs from the item bank considered relevant for high school students were translated. After face-validity testing, the questionnaire was piloted and sent to a convenient sample of 302 high school students. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Difficulty and discrimination indices were calculated for each MCQ to determine the validity of translation and the weight of MCQs. We assessed basic metric characteristics and performed initial validation of the test. Two tests were created, the full (18 MCQs) and the short version (12 MCQs). We analysed differences in test score according to gender and school.
resultsThe response rate was 96% (75% female respondents). Metric characteristics of both tests were satisfactory (Cronbach's α=0.71 for the full and α=0.73 for the short version). The mean score (±SD) for the full version was 11.15±3.43 and 8.13±2.76 for the short version. There were 6 easy and 12 moderately difficult questions. Questions concerning effectiveness and dissimilar comparison groups were answered correctly by fewer than 40% of students. Female students and those from grammar and health schools scored higher on both tests.
conclusionsBoth tests showed good metric characteristics and may be used for quick and reliable assessments of adolescents' ability to appraise health claims. They may be used to identify needs and inform development of educational activities to foster critical thinking about health among adolescents.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.