ArticleJournal of affective disorders2021
Testosterone, estradiol, DHEA and cortisol in relation to anxiety and depression scores in adolescents.
Article in Journal of affective disorders, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association between age at menarche and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2025Pooled it
- Nurse‑led horticultural activities as an early intervention for mild‑to‑moderate depressive symptoms among youth in Hong Kong: an exploratory randomised controlled trial.BMC public health · 2026Trial
- Comparative Effects of Behavioral Analysis Therapy of Feelings and Brief Focal Psychotherapy: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Assessor-Blinded Clinical Trial.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Understanding Depression in Women Across the Lifespan: Hormonal Insights From Brain Imaging.Brain and behavior · 2026Review
- Role of Vitamin B₆ in Testosterone Synthesis.The world journal of men's health · 2026Review
- Steroid alterations in Cushing's disease persist after remission: ACTH-driven steroid changes dissociate from mood-regulatory neurosteroids.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Fecal steroids, short-chain fatty acids, and microbiota in high- versus low-yielding forest musk deer.AMB Express · 2025Article
- Anxiety and Depression in Adolescents with Prelingual Hearing Loss: Prevalence and Risk Factors.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Psychoneuroendocrine stress response in female and male youth with major depressive disorder.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Article
- Stress in lockdown: exploring the interplay and effects of cortisol and psychological distress in parent-child dyads.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2025Article
- Article
- Sex differences in associations between hair glucocorticoids and internalizing symptoms in adolescents.Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology · 2025Article
- Growing Up in the Pandemic: Examining Associations Between Reproductive Development and Depressive Symptoms in Pre- and Pandemic Girls.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2025Article
- Impact of Sex and Salivary Dehydroepiandrosterone on the Association Between Testosterone and Emotion Dysregulation.Developmental psychobiology · 2025Article
- Emerging and accumulating safety signals for the use of estrogen among transgender women.Discover mental health · 2025Review
- Plasma metabolic profiles in alcohol use disorder: diagnostic role of arginine and emotional implications of N6-acetyl-lysine and succinic acid.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Associations of PFAS and pesticides with lung function changes from adolescence to young adulthood in the ESPINA study.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2025Article
- Association between depressive symptoms and thyroid nodule incidence in women: a prospective observational study.BMC public health · 2025Observational
- Pubertal timing, depressive symptoms, and depression in adolescent males: a prospective cohort study.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Role of Lipoic Acid in Testosterone Production in Males.The world journal of men's health · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Background Adrenal and sex hormone dysregulation have been independently associated with increased depression and anxiety. Cortisol can modify production of sex hormones and hormone-mood associations. This study evaluated associations and interplay of sex and adrenal hormones with depression and anxiety. Methods We assessed 545 Ecuadorian adolescents (11-17y, 50.4% female, ESPINA) for depression and anxiety symptoms using standardized scales. Testosterone, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and estradiol (boys only) were measured in saliva. We performed logistic regression modeling to calculate odds ratios (OR) of elevated depression or anxiety (scores ≥60) comparing participants with low (<10th percentile) and elevated hormones (≥90th percentile) to normal concentrations (10th-90th percentile). Effect modification by cortisol and testosterone was assessed. Models adjusted for demographic, anthropometric, and circadian measures. Results In all participants, elevated testosterone (OR [95%CI:]=1.78 [0.98, 3.23]) and cortisol (OR=1.69 [0.95, 2.99]) were marginally associated with elevated anxiety scores. In boys, elevated estradiol was associated with elevated depression (OR=4.75 [1.95, 11.56]) and anxiety scores (OR=2.43 [1.01, 5.84]). In linear regression, estradiol was positively associated with depression (difference/10% hormone increase (β=0.45 [0.15, 0.75]) and anxiety scores (β=0.42 [0.13, 0.72]). Higher cortisol levels strengthened the depression association with estradiol in boys (β=0.54 [0.12, 0.96]), and with testosterone (β= -0.19 [-0.35, -0.03]) and DHEA (β= -0.12 [-0.22, -0.02]) in girls. Testosterone also modified associations. Limitations This was a cross-sectional analysis. Discussion Elevated testosterone, cortisol, and estradiol (≥90th percentile) were associated with altered mood. Cortisol and testosterone were considerable effect modifiers to the associations of most hormones with depression and anxiety.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.