ArticleArchives of toxicology2021
The diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning toxin, okadaic acid, provokes gastropathy, dysbiosis and susceptibility to bacterial infection in a non-rodent bioassay, Galleria mellonella.
Article in Archives of toxicology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Regular exposure to low dose of diarrheic shellfish toxins: Implications for the seafood consumer.Current research in food science · 2026Article
- Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins: Current Insights into Toxicity, Mechanisms, and Ecological Impacts.Marine drugs · 2025Review
- A Rapid and Reliable Spectrofluorimetric Method to Measure the Urinary Lactulose/Mannitol Ratio for Dysbiosis Assessment.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Lepidopteran insects: emerging model organisms to study infection by enteropathogens.Folia microbiologica · 2023Review
- Impaired Dopamine Release and Latent Learning in Alzheimer's Disease Model Zebrafish.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2022Article
- In Vitro Interactions between Okadaic Acid and Rat Gut Microbiome.Marine drugs · 2022Article
- Current Trends and New Challenges in Marine Phycotoxins.Marine drugs · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning (DSP) toxins such as okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins harm the human gastrointestinal tract, and therefore, their levels are regulated to an upper limit of 160 μg per kg tissue to protect consumers. Rodents are used routinely for risk assessment and studies concerning mechanisms of toxicity, but there is a general move toward reducing and replacing vertebrates for these bioassays. We have adopted insect larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella as a surrogate toxicology model. We treated larvae with environmentally relevant doses of okadaic acid (80-400 μg/kg) via intrahaemocoelic injection or gavage to determine marine toxin-related health decline: (1) whether pre-exposure to a sub-lethal dose of toxin (80 μg/kg) enhances susceptibility to bacterial infection, or (2) alters tissue pathology and bacterial community (microbiome) composition of the midgut. A sub-lethal dose of okadaic acid (80 μg/kg) followed 24 h later by bacterial inoculation (2 × 10
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