Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34373540›Full record

SynthesisScientific reports2021

More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Sandra Lopez-Leon, Talia Wegman-Ostrosky, Carol Perelman, Rosalinda Sepulveda, Paulina A Rebolledo, Angelica Cuapio, Sonia Villapol

3 registry-linked trialsAbstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 1,368 papers, 14 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1,368citing papers in PubMed, 14 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05012826 naunknown statusnot on this map

Osteopathy and Physiotherapy Compared to Physiotherapy Alone on Fatigue and Functional Status in Long COVID: Study Protocol for a Pragmatic Randomized Controlled SuperiorityTrial

TypeinterventionalSponsorCentro Universitário Augusto MottaRan2021 to 2023Enrolled104ConditionsCovid19, SARS-CoV-2 InfectionArmsOsteopathic Manipulative Treatment in addition to Physiotherapy, Physiotherapy
NCT05504460 naunknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2022, after this paper: background citation

A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Safety of Hydrogen-Oxygen Generator With Nebulizer for Rehabilitation Treatment of Dysfunctions in Discharged Patients Who Are Previously Hospitalized Due to COVID-19

TypeinterventionalSponsorShanghai Zhongshan HospitalRan2022 to 2024Enrolled216ConditionsCOVID-19, AMS-H-03, Hydrogen-oxygen GasArmsHydrogen-Oxygen Generator with Nebulizer, AMS-H-03, basic treatment
NCT05725538 naunknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2023, after this paper: background citation

Efficacy of Exercise-based mHealth Intervention for Patients With Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome Based on Fatigue, Fitness, Post-exertional Dyspnea, Pain, Anxiety, Depression, Cognitive Function, and Quality of Life: a Randomized Clinical Trial.

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of CadizRan2023 to 2024Enrolled100ConditionsPost-Acute COVID19 Syndrome, Long COVID, Post COVID-19 ConditionArmsCOVIDReApp Group, Control Group
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1,368 citing papers in PubMed, 14 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  14. Definitions and symptoms of the post-COVID syndrome: an updated systematic umbrella review.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025
    Pooled it
  15. Trial
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  17. Article
  18. Post-COVID-19 inflammation and sarcopenia in obese diabetic dialysis patients.Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy · 2026
    Article
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1,308 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Sandra Lopez-LeonDrug Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Florham Park, NJ, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7504-3441
Talia Wegman-OstroskyInstituto Nacional de Cancerología, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Mexico City, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0002-3207-6697
Carol PerelmanNational Autonomous University of Mexico, SOMEDICyT, RedMPC, Mexico City, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0002-0111-1154
Rosalinda SepulvedaHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1146-9552
Paulina A RebolledoDivison of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9808-063X
Angelica CuapioCenter for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0002-9451-1914
Sonia VillapolDepartment of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertnet Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. svillapol@houstonmethodist.org.ORCID 0000-0002-6174-4113

Funding

The role of the gut microbiome in the neuropathology of traumatic brain injuryR21NS106640 · NINDS · METHODIST HOSPITAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE · PI VILLAPOL, SONIA · 2018 to 2019
$431k
NINDS NIH HHS R21 NS106640
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

COVID-19 can involve persistence, sequelae, and other medical complications that last weeks to months after initial recovery. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to identify studies assessing the long-term effects of COVID-19. LitCOVID and Embase were searched to identify articles with original data published before the 1st of January 2021, with a minimum of 100 patients. For effects reported in two or more studies, meta-analyses using a random-effects model were performed using the MetaXL software to estimate the pooled prevalence with 95% CI. PRISMA guidelines were followed. A total of 18,251 publications were identified, of which 15 met the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of 55 long-term effects was estimated, 21 meta-analyses were performed, and 47,910 patients were included (age 17-87 years). The included studies defined long-COVID as ranging from 14 to 110 days post-viral infection. It was estimated that 80% of the infected patients with SARS-CoV-2 developed one or more long-term symptoms. The five most common symptoms were fatigue (58%), headache (44%), attention disorder (27%), hair loss (25%), and dyspnea (24%). Multi-disciplinary teams are crucial to developing preventive measures, rehabilitation techniques, and clinical management strategies with whole-patient perspectives designed to address long COVID-19 care.

Indexed as

AdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAlopeciaAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityCOVID-19DyspneaFatigueHeadacheHumansMiddle AgedSARS-CoV-2Young Adult

Identifiers

PMID34373540
PMCPMC8352980

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.