ArticleInternational journal of oral science2021
Cigarette smoke promotes oral leukoplakia via regulating glutamine metabolism and M2 polarization of macrophage.
Article in International journal of oral science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Luteolin ameliorates cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by modulating gut and lung microbiota and amino acid metabolism in C57Bl/6 mice.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Unraveling the role of glutamine metabolism in cancer: from cell death mechanisms to tumor microenvironment modulation.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- Unraveling Oral Dysbiosis: Microbial Complexity in Common Oral Diseases.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Review
- Ferroptosis and macrophage polarization: mechanisms, interplay, and implications for medical applications.Cell death discovery · 2026Review
- Chorus line in oral squamous cell carcinoma: How stromal and immune players orchestrate tumor progression (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Glutamine metabolism and its roles in tumor radiotherapy by regulating DNA damage repair.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Lumbar Disc Herniation Resorption: When and How Does It Occur?Neurospine · 2026Review
- Azoxystrobin induces mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial pathway apoptosis by targeting the Prx1 Trp87 and Thr90 sites in oral leukoplakia.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Heterogeneous mechanisms, risk stratification, and translational advances in the malignant transformation of oral potentially malignant disorders to oral squamous cell carcinoma.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Review
- Tobacco Smoking Rewires Cell Metabolism by Inducing GAPDH Succinylation to Promote Lung Cancer Progression.Cancer research · 2025Article
- Targeted Delivery of α-ketoglutarate to Macrophages in Bone: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Improving Fracture Healing in Type 2 Diabetes.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Blimp-1 orchestrates macrophage polarization and metabolic homeostasis via purine biosynthesis in sepsis.Cell death & disease · 2025Article
- Metabolic reprogramming of macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Decoding oral leukoplakia: microbiome dysbiosis and inflammatory dynamics unveiled in a rat model.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Pulsed electromagnetic fields preconditioned extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stromal cells prevents necroptosis of osteoblasts in osteonecrosis of the femoral head rats.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Nicotine promotes M2 macrophage polarization through α5-nAChR/SOX2/CSF-1 axis in lung adenocarcinoma.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2024Article
- Metabolic regulation of the immune system in health and diseases: mechanisms and interventions.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Connecting the dots: investigating the link between environmental, genetic, and epigenetic influences in metabolomic alterations in oral squamous cell carcinoma.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2024Review
- Targeting CCL2-CCR2 signaling pathway alleviates macrophage dysfunction in COPD via PI3K-AKT axis.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Article
- IGF2BP3 promotes glutamine metabolism of endometriosis by interacting with UCA1 to enhances the mRNA stability of GLS1.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Oral immunosuppression caused by smoking creates a microenvironment to promote the occurrence and development of oral mucosa precancerous lesions. This study aimed to investigate the role of metabolism and macrophage polarization in cigarette-promoting oral leukoplakia. The effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on macrophage polarization and metabolism were studied in vivo and in vitro. The polarity of macrophages was detected by flow cytometric analysis and qPCR. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to perform a metabolomic analysis of Raw cells stimulated with CSE. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were used to detect the polarity of macrophages in the condition of glutamine abundance and deficiency. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), wound-healing assay, and Annexin V-FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate)/PI (propidium iodide) double-staining flow cytometry were applied to detect the growth and transferability and apoptosis of Leuk-1 cells in the supernatant of Raw cells which were stimulated with CSE, glutamine abundance and deficiency. Hyperkeratosis and dysplasia of the epithelium were evident in smoking mice. M2 macrophages increased under CSE stimulation in vivo and in vitro. In total, 162 types of metabolites were detected in the CSE group. The metabolites of nicotine, glutamate, arachidic acid, and arginine changed significantly. The significant enrichment pathways were also selected, including nicotine addiction, glutamine and glutamate metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis. The results also showed that the supernatant of Raw cells stimulated by CSE could induce excessive proliferation of Leuk-1 and inhibit apoptosis. Glutamine abundance can facilitate this process. Cigarette smoke promotes oral leukoplakia via regulating glutamine metabolism and macrophage M2 polarization.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.