ReviewViruses2021
The Mechanism behind Influenza Virus Cytokine Storm.
Review in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 145 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
145 citing papers in PubMed, 207 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Plant-Based Dietary Supplement Exhibits Significant Effects on Markers of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Immune Response in Subjects Recovering from Respiratory Viral Infection: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Study Using Vitamin C as a Positive Control.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Trial
- Endogenous Expression of an RNA-Hydrolyzing Minibody Enhances the Therapeutic Effects Against Influenza a Virus Compared to Therapeutically Intranasal Administration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Development and validation of a cytokine-associated nomogram for predicting severe influenza A virus infection in children.Virus genes · 2026Article
- ZFP36 Family Proteins as Critical Regulators of Inflammation, Immune Cell Development, and Antiviral Responses.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Diabetes Mellitus with Influenza Virus and Subsequent Bacterial Infection: Triple Pathological Interactions and Challenges.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Decoding the lung-brain axis in influenza: from pulmonary infection to central nervous system injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- The cell with many faces: lung macrophage plasticity and function in response to environmental and pathogenic insults.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Pandemic Patterns: The Long-Term Health Outcomes of 1918 Influenza Survivors in the St. John's General Hospital of Newfoundland and Labrador.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2026Article
- Article
- Host-Directed Antiviral Strategies Against Influenza Viruses: Host Targets, Multi-Omics Approaches and AI-Assisted Discovery.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Machine Learning and Experimental Verification Identify Anti-Influenza Natural Products.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- A dual-adjuvanted HA stem nanoparticle vaccine elicits a multifunctional antibody response that is associated with protection in newborn monkeys.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- The systemic immune-inflammation index combined with the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio demonstrates notable potential as a prognostic tool for older adults with pneumonia caused by influenza A virus infection: a retrospective cohort study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- Bone and Infections: An Osteoimmunological Interplay.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Protective Effects of Gallic Acid in LPS-Induced Lung Injury via Modulation of Oxidative Stress: AKT1/NRF2 and IL-10 Signaling.Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology · 2026Article
- Immunopathogenesis of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome: Core Driving Role of Cytokine Storm.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Development of a Prophylactic mRNA Vaccine for Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Using HSA based LNP.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Cytokine Dynamics in Severe COVID-19 vs. Influenza A Elderly Patients: A Prospective Comparative Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Dual roles for influenza A protein PA-X: limiting inflammatory response and disrupting MHC I antigen presentation in human respiratory epithelium.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Afebrile Presentation in COPD Patients with Influenza A: A Risk Factor for Prolonged Viral Shedding.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2026Article
85 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Influenza viruses are still a serious threat to human health. Cytokines are essential for cell-to-cell communication and viral clearance in the immune system, but excessive cytokines can cause serious immune pathology. Deaths caused by severe influenza are usually related to cytokine storms. The recent literature has described the mechanism behind the cytokine-storm network and how it can exacerbate host pathological damage. Biological factors such as sex, age, and obesity may cause biological differences between different individuals, which affects cytokine storms induced by the influenza virus. In this review, we summarize the mechanism behind influenza virus cytokine storms and the differences in cytokine storms of different ages and sexes, and in obesity.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.