ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2021
A Practice of BLE RSSI Measurement for Indoor Positioning.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- From Fingerprinting to Advanced Machine Learning: A Systematic Review of Wi-Fi and BLE-Based Indoor Positioning Systems.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- BLE-Based Custom Devices for Indoor Positioning in Ambient Assisted Living Systems: Design and Prototyping.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The Rise of Passive RFID RTLS Solutions in Industry 5.0.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A Hybrid Indoor Positioning System Based on Visible Light Communication and Bluetooth RSS Trilateration.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- A Novel Optimized iBeacon Localization Algorithm Modeling.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Improving BLE-Based Passive Human Sensing with Deep Learning.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Graph Optimization Model Fusing BLE Ranging with Wi-Fi Fingerprint for Indoor Positioning.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Evaluation and Comparison of Ultrasonic and UWB Technology for Indoor Localization in an Industrial Environment.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Design and Implementation of an Indoor Warning System with Physiological Signal Monitoring for People Isolated at Home.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is one of the RF-based technologies that has been utilizing Received Signal Strength Indicators (RSSI) in indoor position location systems (IPS) for decades. Its recent signal stability and propagation distance improvement inspired us to conduct this project. Beacons and scanners used two Bluetooth specifications, BLE 5.0 and 4.2, for experimentations. The measurement paradigm consisted of three segments, RSSI-distance conversion, multi-beacon in-plane, and diverse directional measurement. The analysis methods applied to process the data for precise positioning included the Signal propagation model, Trilateration, Modification coefficient, and Kalman filter. As the experiment results showed, the positioning accuracy could reach 10 cm when the beacons and scanners were at the same horizontal plane in a less-noisy environment. Nevertheless, the positioning accuracy dropped to a meter-scale accuracy when the measurements were executed in a three-dimensional configuration and complex environment. According to the analysis results, the BLE wireless signal strength is susceptible to interference in the manufacturing environment but still workable on certain occasions. In addition, the Bluetooth 5.0 specifications seem more promising in bringing brightness to RTLS applications in the future, due to its higher signal stability and better performance in lower interference environments.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.